RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To outline various sources of crash risk among young drivers that are developmental (age based) factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: First, a distinction is made between adolescence (ages 10-18) and emerging adulthood (ages 18-25) in order to shed light on the reasons for especially high crash rates among 16-17 year old drivers relative to 18-25 year olds. Then various developmental sources of risk in adolescence are described, including the power of friends, the optimistic bias, and adolescent emotionality. The reasons for especially high crash rates among young males are discussed, with an emphasis on how American ideas about manhood promote driving risks. Finally, a cross national comparison between adolescents in the United States and Denmark shows how developmental risks interact with driving policies. CONCLUSIONS: The high crash rates of adolescents relative to emerging adults and of emerging adults relative to older drivers can be explained in part by developmental factors.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes de Tránsito/psicología , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Accidentes de Tránsito/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Humanos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Grupo Paritario , Percepción , Factores de Riesgo , Asunción de Riesgos , Factores Sexuales , Responsabilidad Social , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Optimistic biases regarding the risks of smoking were examined among 200 adolescents (aged 12-17) and 203 adults (aged 30-50). Strong majorities of adolescent and adult smokers and nonsmokers agreed that smoking is addictive and causes death for "most people" who smoke. However, for themselves personally, adolescent and adult smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to doubt that they would die from smoking even if they smoked for 30 or 40 years. Furthermore, 60% of adolescent and 48% of adult smokers believed that they "could smoke for a few years and then quit" if they wished, figures far higher than for nonsmokers. Thus an optimistic bias regarding smoking risks appears to be held by both adolescent and adult smokers, especially by adolescents and especially regarding addiction. Implications for smoking prevention programs are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Salud , Control Interno-Externo , Fumar/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Motivación , Medición de Riesgo , Fumar/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25. A theoretical background is presented. Then evidence is provided to support the idea that emerging adulthood is a distinct period demographically, subjectively, and in terms of identity explorations. How emerging adulthood differs from adolescence and young adulthood is explained. Finally, a cultural context for the idea of emerging adulthood is outlined, and it is specified that emerging adulthood exists only in cultures that allow young people a prolonged period of independent role exploration during the late teens and twenties.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo de la Personalidad , Psicología del Adolescente , Adolescente , Adulto , Comparación Transcultural , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Rol , Autoimagen , SocializaciónRESUMEN
G. S. Hall's (1904) view that adolescence is a period of heightened "storm and stress" is reconsidered in light of contemporary research. The author provides a brief history of the storm-and-stress view and examines 3 key aspects of this view: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risk behavior. In all 3 areas, evidence supports a modified storm-and-stress view that takes into account individual differences and cultural variations. Not all adolescents experience storm and stress, but storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages. Adolescent storm and stress tends to be lower in traditional cultures than in the West but may increase as globalization increases individualism. Similar issues apply to minority cultures in American society. Finally, although the general public is sometimes portrayed by scholars as having a stereotypical view of adolescent storm and stress, both scholars and the general public appear to support a modified storm-and-stress view.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Conflicto Psicológico , Psicología del Adolescente , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Distribución por Edad , Humanos , Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Asunción de Riesgos , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The author used data from a larger study to examine adolescents' and adults' responses to Winston cigarettes' "No Additives" advertising campaign. METHODS: The author analyzed responses from 400 adolescents ages 12-17 and 203 adults ages 30-50 who were asked what they believed the meaning of the "No Additives" slogan to be. The author also analyzed adolescents' responses to questions about four specific Winston "No Additives" ads. RESULTS: Two-thirds of adolescents and 27% of adults believed that "No Additives" meant one or more of the following: that Winston cigarettes are healthier than other cigarettes, that they are less likely to harm health, or that they are less likely to be addictive. Adolescents perceived the models in three ads to be younger than 25 years old. Among adolescent respondents, smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to like the ads and to believe the ads made smoking more appealing. CONCLUSIONS: The "No Additives" slogan was perceived by a majority of adolescents and about a quarter of adults as implying one or more health claims. The results of this analysis suggest that the Federal Trade Commission's action in requiring a disclaimer on the "No Additives" ads is well founded but the disclaimer should be strengthened.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad , Fumar/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Actitud , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis de Regresión , Fumar/efectos adversos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate adolescents' responses to cigarette advertisements for different brands. DESIGN: Adolescents were shown one print advertisement for each of five cigarette brands (Camel, Marlboro, Kool, Benson & Hedges, and Lucky Strike). They indicated on a structured questionnaire how many times they had seen the advertisement (or one almost like it), how much they liked it, whether or not they thought it made smoking more appealing, and whether or not it made them want to smoke cigarettes of that brand. SETTING: Middle school and high school classrooms, seven schools in four states in the United States (New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Texas). The classrooms were selected randomly within each school. PARTICIPANTS: 534 adolescents in grades 6-12 (ages 11-18 years) from seven schools in four states, 54% female, 76% white. RESULTS: The advertisements for Camel and Marlboro were more likely than the advertisements for the other brands to be seen, to be liked, to be viewed as making smoking appealing, and to influence adolescents to want to smoke cigarettes of that brand. More than 95% of the adolescents had seen an advertisement featuring Joe Camel or the Marlboro Man at least once, and more than 50% had seen these advertisements six or more times. Nearly half believed that the Joe Camel advertisement makes smoking more appealing, and 40% believed that the Marlboro Man advertisement makes smoking more appealing. Adolescent smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to believe that the advertisements for Camel and Marlboro make smoking more appealing. CONCLUSIONS: The advertisements most popular among adolescents are for two of the brands they are most likely to smoke--Marlboro and Camel. The results of the study are consistent with the view that certain cigarette advertisements enhance the appeal of smoking to many adolescents.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Publicidad , Autoimagen , Fumar/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Comercialización de los Servicios de Salud , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Reckless driving practices were studied among 139 high school students aged 17-18. A majority of both boys and girls reported driving at high speeds, and a majority of boys reported racing in a car and passing in a no-passing zone. About one-quarter of boys and girls reported driving while intoxicated. Sensation seeking and aggressiveness were found to be related to reckless driving practices. Fifty-nine of the students kept a log of their driving episodes over a 10-day period. Analysis of these data indicated that the participants drove faster when in an angry mood than when in any other mood. Also, they drove faster when alone or with friends than when their parents were present.