RESUMEN
The internal carotid artery arises at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and continues upwards within the carotid sheath. It has no branches and passesstraight up in the carotid sheath and besidethe pharynx to the carotid canal in the baseof the skull. This division of the internalcarotid artery is defined as the cervical part.Variations in the course of the cervical part have been found in the different studies and have been classified as kinking, coiling and tortuosity. It is known that these variations are associated with cerebrovascular failure and transient ischaemic attack. During routinedissections of the cervical region foreducational purposes, bilateral course variationswith a marked kinking on the right and distinctive tortuosity on the left side were found in the internal carotid artery of a 75-year old male cadaver. The case is of interest since variations in the course of theinternal carotid artery have been shown to be related to cerebrovascular failure (AU)
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Arteria Carótida Interna/anomalías , Cadáver , Anomalías Cardiovasculares/diagnósticoRESUMEN
GOALS: To present the results of a new protocol for provocative visceral arteriography. BACKGROUND: Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (LGIB) usually stops spontaneously. In the absence of an identifiable source, if bleeding is recurrent, provocative visceral arteriography has been advocated for diagnosis. Prior studies using Streptokinase, Urokinase, or tissue plasminogen activator have reported a 33% to 37.5% rate of identifying the site of hemorrhage. STUDY: We report a retrospective analysis of 9 patients in whom provocative visceral arteriography was performed using a new protocol with Reteplase as the fibrinolytic agent. All patients had recurrent, massive LGIB without definable source. Initial arteriography did not elicit a site of bleeding. Five units of Reteplase were administered over 1 minute into the inferior mesenteric artery, the superior mesenteric artery or both vessels sequentially. Arteriography was repeated after 5 to 10 minutes. RESULTS: Colonic hemorrhage was induced in 89% of patients. There were no procedure-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Reteplase may prove safe and effective as a provocative agent, stimulating bleeding to allow localization, in patients with occult, recurrent, massive LGIB.
Asunto(s)
Angiografía/métodos , Fibrinolíticos , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Colon/patología , Femenino , Fibrinolíticos/efectos adversos , Humanos , Infusiones Intraarteriales , Tracto Gastrointestinal Inferior/patología , Masculino , Arteria Mesentérica Inferior , Arteria Mesentérica Superior , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Recombinantes/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno/efectos adversos , Vísceras/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
Dental caries and wear are important conditions to record in archaeological collections. Reconstruction of the life of ancient peoples can be accomplished by studying their dental remains. The aim of the present paper was to determine the frequency, distribution, and characteristics of dental caries, dental wear and related diet in the mediaeval Byzantine population of Iznik in northwest Turkey. The analysed sample consisted of the dental remains of 56 individuals with the total of 280 teeth. The majority (261 or 93.2%) of the teeth belonged to the permanent dentition. The frequency of antemortem tooth loss in the sample was 6.5% and the frequency of caries was 6.8%. The most frequent recorded caries were mesial (3.3%), followed by buccal (3%). The frequency of dental wear was rather high (84.2%) exhibiting presence of dentin clusters mostly. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis of caries attrition competition based on the assumption that a beneficial effect of tooth wear is to avoid development of caries. High wear in the archaeological population can be linked to the fact that the cumulative effects of attrition as a result of the Byzantine diet.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/historia , Paleontología , Pérdida de Diente/historia , Adulto , Bizancio , Niño , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Prevalencia , Pérdida de Diente/epidemiología , Turquía/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine if renal cell carcinoma can be differentiated from high-attenuation renal cysts at unenhanced computed tomography (CT) based on Hounsfield unit measurements and heterogeneity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Human Investigation Committee at our institution approved this study with waiver of informed consent. This study was compliant with the HIPAA. Fifty-four pathologically proved renal cell carcinomas in 54 patients (36 men and 18 women; average age, 53 years; range, 23-90 years) and 56 high-attenuation renal cysts in 51 patients (30 men and 21 women; average age, 63 years; range, 28-86 years) were retrospectively evaluated at unenhanced CT. Two independent readers reviewed randomized unenhanced CT images and obtained Hounsfield unit readings of each mass. A subjective determination of lesion heterogeneity was also performed by using a four-point scale (1: homogeneous, 2: mildly heterogeneous, 3: moderately heterogeneous, 4: markedly heterogeneous). Statistical analysis was performed by using Bland-Altman regression tree, classification and regression tree, and Shapiro-Wilk normality test. RESULTS: The average attenuation of cysts for reader 1 was 53.4 HU (range, 23-113 HU) and for reader 2 was 53.8 HU (range, 21-108 HU). The average attenuation of neoplasms for reader 1 was 34.7 HU (range, 21-60 HU) and for reader 2 was 38.4 HU (range, 22-60 HU). For cyst heterogeneity, a score of 1 was given in 55 of 56 (98%) cysts for reader 1 and in 53 of 56 (95%) cysts for reader 2. For neoplasm heterogeneity, a score of 1 was given in 35 of 54 (65%) neoplasms for reader 1 and in 36 of 54 (67%) for reader 2. Given the distribution of cyst and tumor attenuation values and lesion heterogeneity, a homogeneous mass measuring 70 HU or greater at unenhanced CT has a greater than 99.9% chance of representing a high-attenuation renal cyst. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study may help differentiate high-attenuation renal cysts from renal cell carcinomas at unenhanced CT and may suggest the next appropriate imaging study for definitive characterization.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Renales/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Renales Quísticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Renales/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Intensificación de Imagen Radiográfica/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
A 38-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and left shoulder pain. A computed tomography scan was obtained, which demonstrated a rounded soft tissue density with surrounding stranding. It was interpreted as an infarcted splenule. Due to the increasing severity of the patient's symptoms, a laparoscopic exploration was performed. Pathology demonstrated an infarcted splenule. As infarcted splenules are rare, an understanding of its pathogenesis and familiarity with the corresponding imaging findings may be helpful for its diagnosis in the patient with the appropriate clinical scenario. It is important to recognize this entity as a cause of abdominal pain that can be managed nonsurgically.
Asunto(s)
Coristoma/diagnóstico , Bazo , Infarto del Bazo/diagnóstico , Adulto , Coristoma/patología , Coristoma/cirugía , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Femenino , Humanos , Infarto del Bazo/patología , Infarto del Bazo/cirugía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify factors associated with high levels of external research funding in order to provide departments with information that may help them increase their external research funding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: National Institutes of Health (NIH) data on grants were analyzed to identify the 72 radiology departments receiving funds for diagnostic radiology research. A survey was sent to these departments. We placed them into one of three categories according to total NIH funds to the department. The survey asked about department characteristics such as size; breakdown of full-time faculty among MDs, MD/PhDs, and PhDs; research space; equipment type; and number and types of trainees. RESULTS: Thirty-nine surveys were returned, including 20 from the 21 departments with the most NIH funding. PhDs played a larger role in the most research funding-intensive departments than in others. These departments also were more likely than others to give protected time to all MDs and to devote over 5% of clinical revenues to research, and they had a lower clinical workload per MD. NIH was the source of 70% of their research funding, The role of MD/PhDs and research space per 1000 research dollars did not vary by research intensity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings only demonstrate associations; they do not show the direction of causality. Nonetheless, they suggest what departments need to do if they wish to increase their external research funding.
Asunto(s)
Centros Médicos Académicos/economía , Investigación Biomédica/economía , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economía , Radiología/economía , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Recolección de Datos , Docentes Médicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Investigadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In this study, proximal femoral morphometrywas measured on radiographs of Turkishwomen. Hip fractures have high morbidityand mortality rates for people and is generallyseen in elderly. It is known that the body massindex (BMI) and proximal femoral morphometryare important determinants of fracturerisk. Our aim is to perform the measurementsof proximal femoral morphometry and bodymass index. A total of 190 Turkish womenwere included in the study. The anthropometricand BMI measurements were recorded andthe morphometric measurements (HAL, FAL,FW, HW, TW and Q angle) were made on theradiographs. For statistical analysis, the Pearsonlinear correlation was performed using theSPSS 10.0 software. The averages of thefemoral morphometric measurements andBMI were found to be: 10.80 cm, 10.14 cm,5.21 cm, 3.54 cm, 8.42 cm, 131.52 degree,and 28.02 kg/m2 (HAL, FAL, HW, FW, TW,Q angle and BMI), respectively. Strong positivecorrelations were found between BMI andTW (r= 0.230; p= 0.002), BMI and FW (r=0.169; p= 0.023), BMI and HW (r= 0.175;p= 0.018). These results suggest that there isa relationship between the values of the proximalfemoral morphometry and BMI (AU)
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Humanos , Antropometría/métodos , Fémur , Índice de Masa Corporal , Osteoporosis/diagnóstico , Turquía/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Fracturas Óseas/etiologíaRESUMEN
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) is a key signaling intermediate important for synaptic potentiation in the hippocampus and cerebellum, but its expression and function in cortical development have not been elucidated. The expression of cGKI in the developing mouse neocortex was evaluated by immunofluorescence labeling, and effect of cGKI deletion on cortical development was studied in adult cGKI knockout mice. cGKI was expressed at highest levels at embryonic stages in young neurons and radial glial fibers, corresponding to the major period of radial migration and laminar development of pyramidal neurons (embryonic day E13.5-E14.5), declining upon maturation (E17.5-postnatal day P28). The cerebral cortex of homozygous null mutant mice lacking cGKI exhibited heterotopic collections of neurons in the upper cortical layers and abnormal invaginations of layer I, in accord with a neuronal migration or positioning defect. Some cGKI mutant mice displayed defects in midline development resulting in partial fusion of cerebral hemispheres with adjacent neuronal heterotopias. Apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons were misoriented in the cerebral cortex of cGKI null mutants, as shown in reporter mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein in layer V pyramidal neurons and by Golgi impregnation. These results demonstrate a role for cGKI signaling in cortical development related to neuronal migration/positioning that is important for dendritic orientation and connectivity.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de GMP Cíclico/genética , Neocórtex/anomalías , Neocórtex/enzimología , Malformaciones del Sistema Nervioso/enzimología , Neuronas/enzimología , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Movimiento Celular/genética , Forma de la Célula/genética , Coristoma/enzimología , Coristoma/genética , Proteína Quinasa Dependiente de GMP Cíclico Tipo I , Dendritas/enzimología , Dendritas/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Proteínas Luminiscentes , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Neocórtex/patología , Malformaciones del Sistema Nervioso/genética , Neuroglía/enzimología , Neuroglía/patología , Neuronas/patología , Células Piramidales/enzimología , Células Piramidales/patología , Tinción con Nitrato de Plata , Células Madre/enzimología , Células Madre/patologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To measure the amount and duration of indentation depth achieved with biodegradable poly-L/D-lactide 96/4 (PLA96) and silicone sponge implants. METHODS: Thirty rabbits underwent a scleral buckling procedure. A PLA96 buckling implant was used in 15 rabbits and a silicone sponge buckling implant was in 15 rabbits. A circumferential scleral buckling implant was sutured episclerally on the left eye of each rabbit, just temporal to the superior rectus muscle and 7 mm posterior to the limbus. Computed tomography was performed at 1 week, 3 months, and 5 months after surgery. RESULTS: The PLA96 buckling implant (implant diameter, 3-3.5 mm) used in this study created lower indentation than the silicone sponge implant (implant diameter, 4 mm). The indentation created by the PLA96 implant decreased over time compared with that created by the silicone implant. There were no complications related to either kind of implant. CONCLUSION: Both the silicone sponge implant and the PLA96 implant caused indentation that decreased in a comparable manner over the follow-up period (5 months).
Asunto(s)
Implantes Absorbibles , Poliésteres , Curvatura de la Esclerótica/instrumentación , Elastómeros de Silicona , Animales , Masculino , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Oculares , Órbita/diagnóstico por imagen , Conejos , Desprendimiento de Retina/cirugía , Esclerótica/cirugía , Tapones Quirúrgicos de Gaza , Técnicas de Sutura , Factores de Tiempo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Currently available 4-F and 5-F peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) were investigated to evaluate their possible application for contrast medium injection using power injectors. The study was performed using an in vitro model to demonstrate the feasibility of using PICCs for contrast-enhanced diagnostic studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An evaluation of 24 catheter versions consisting of 4-F single-lumen and 5-F dual-lumen PICCs from 13 different manufacturers was conducted. Six of the catheter types were silicone and 18 catheter types were polyurethane. Ten catheters of each type were evaluated with five at full length and five trimmed to 40 cm. With use of a silicone-based simulated SVC model, the catheters were infused with 50 mL of intravenous contrast medium at each flow rate increment. Catheters were tested at increasing flow rates from 0.5 to 5 mL/sec in 0.5-mL/sec increments using a Percupump CT injector. Catheters that failed to rupture were then infused at 1-mL/sec increments at flow rates from 5 to 17 mL/sec using a MedRad Mark V power injector. Tolerated and bursting pressures were recorded as well as the location of the catheter rupture. RESULTS: Polyurethane catheters ruptured at flow rates between 4 and 15.4 mL/sec, with one catheter not rupturing at the maximal flow rate (17 mL/sec). Silicone catheters ruptured at flow rates between 0.5 to 3.5 mL/sec. Average rupture locations by type and length were at the extension leg/hub connection area on five of the PICCs, on the extension legs on 21 of the PICCs, on the catheter/hub connection on four PICCs, and on the proximal catheter on 16 of the PICCs. CONCLUSION: The low burst rates at which all silicone catheters ruptured suggest that those catheters are not able to withstand typical flow rates used for CT arteriography. Conversely, although there is a wide range of discrepancy in the polyurethane catheter burst pressures, many polyurethane catheters can tolerate relatively high flow rates without rupture. This suggests that they may be safely used for CT arteriography with appropriate precautions and protocols in place.
Asunto(s)
Cateterismo Venoso Central/instrumentación , Angiografía , Medios de Contraste/administración & dosificación , Diseño de Equipo , Falla de Equipo , Estudios de Factibilidad , Humanos , Inyecciones Intravenosas/métodos , Modelos Anatómicos , Poliuretanos/química , Reología , Siliconas/química , Propiedades de Superficie , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Squatting is a resting postural complex that involves hyper-flexion at the hip and knee joints, and hyper-dorsiflexion at the ankle and subtalar joints. The effects of squatting stress may induce bone remodeling. Different incidences of these modifications reflect the life style of a population. Stress-induced bone remodeling may be the result of physical and sports performance, especially that of women. We investigated 125 tibia from adult male skeletons from the late Byzantine period (13th century) to see if they had squatting facets or not. Thirty-one tali pairing tibia were also investigated concerning their relationship with the squatting facets of these bones. There were 64 right (51.2%) and 61 left (48.8%) tibia and squatting facets were observed on 30 right (46.9%) and 30 left (49.2%) tibia. Among the 25 paired tibia investigated, squatting facets were seen on 9 (36%) pairs and there was no evidence of side predilection. On the right side, squatting facets occurred on 3 (20%) tibia-tali; on the left side they were present on 7 (43.7%) tibia-tali, and only one tibia had the squatting facet and tali had none. The occurrence of squatting facets in this Byzantine population was greater than that reported for modern Europeans, but less than for Australians and Indians. Therefore, different factors can play a role in the modifications of the distal tibia surface, articulating with the talus (AU)
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tibia/anomalías , Tibia/lesiones , Tibia/patología , Articulación de la Cadera/anomalías , Articulación de la Cadera/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cuello/anomalías , Cuello/fisiología , Tibia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tibia/metabolismo , Tibia , Articulación de la Cadera/metabolismo , Articulación de la Cadera/patología , Cuello/anatomía & histología , Cuello/patología , Turquía/etnologíaRESUMEN
The 41-kDa and 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases play a pivotal role in the mitogenic signal transduction pathway and are essential components of the MAP kinase cascade, which includes MAP kinase kinase (MEK) and Raf-1. As aberrant activation of signal transducing molecules such as Ras and Raf-1 has been linked with cancer, we examined whether constitutive activation of the 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases is associated with the neoplastic phenotype of 138 tumor cell lines and 102 primary tumors derived from various human organs. Constitutive activation of the MAP kinases was observed in 50 tumor cell lines (36.2%) in a rather tissue-specific manner: cell lines derived from pancreas, colon, lung, ovary and kidney showed especially high frequencies with a high degree of MAP kinase activation, while those derived from brain, esophagus, stomach, liver and of hematopoietic origin showed low frequencies with a limited degree of MAP kinase activation. We also detected constitutive activation of the 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases in a relatively large number of primary human tumors derived from kidney, colon and lung tissues but not from liver tissue. Many tumor cells, in which point mutations of ras genes were detected, showed constitutive activation of MAP kinases, however, there were also many exceptions to this observation. In contrast, the activation of the 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases was accompanied by the activation of Raf-1 in the majority of tumor cells and was completely associated with the activation of MEK and p90rsk in all the tumor cells examined. These results suggest that the constitutive activation of 41-/43-kDa MAP kinases in tumor cells is not due to the disorder of MAP kinases themselves, but is due to the disorder of Raf-1, Ras, or some other signaling molecules upstream of Ras.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de Calcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos , Neoplasias/enzimología , Transducción de Señal , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Activación Enzimática , Humanos , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos , Quinasas de Proteína Quinasa Activadas por Mitógenos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
In an anatomy class, dissection led to the discovery of a hitherto unreported multiple variation of the muscles in the upper and lower extremities of a Turkish male cadaver. The variant muscles were the palmaris longus of the reverse type in the right and a double reverse palmaris longus in the left forearm, and the extensor medius proprius in the left forearm and a supernumerary muscle slip originating from the posterior tibialis in the left crus.
Asunto(s)
Pie , Antebrazo , Músculo Esquelético/anomalías , Anciano , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
The involvement of a GTP-binding protein (G-protein) in the process of neurotransmitter release was examined using pertussis toxin and cholera toxin. Cholinergic agonists are shown to mediate [3H]noradrenaline release in rat brain slices via a pertussis toxin (1.2 micrograms/ml) sensitive, and cholera toxin (0.5 microgram/ml) insensitive G-protein. An indication for the involvement of a G-protein and phospholipase C activation in the release process was implied from the inhibitory effect of neomycin on K+-, veratridine- and carbachol-induced-norepinephrine release. Depolarizing agents mediate a neomycin-sensitive release, which is not which is not affected either by pertussis toxin or cholera toxin, suggesting a different mode of phospholipase C activation, unlike carbachol-induced release, which is both neomycin and pertussis toxin sensitive. Similarly, a hormone-sensitive carrier activated by phenylephrine not via alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, mediates a non-exocytosis efflux which is not affected by neomycin and is shown to be pertussis toxin-insensitive. The inhibitory action of protein kinase C inhibitors polymyxin B, K252a and H-7 [(1-(5-isoquinolinesulphonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine] on release, strongly suggests its participation in the process. Polymyxin B, a relatively selective protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibited carbachol-induced release (IC50 = 0.53 microM) as well as the K+ and the veratridine induced [3H] noradrenaline release, K252a, an inhibitor of various protein kinases at the ATP site, and H-7, another protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibited carbachol-induced noradrenaline released with IC50 = 35 nM and 3 microM respectively. Consistent with its inability to activate phospholipase C, phenylephrine-induced noradrenaline efflux was unaffected by polymyxin B (greater than 70 microM). These results offer more supportive evidence for a major role played by the dual messengers inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol (IP3/DG) in the mechanisms of neuronal release.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/fisiología , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Toxina del Pertussis , Proteína Quinasa C/fisiología , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/farmacología , 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonil)-2-Metilpiperazina , Acetilcolina/farmacología , Animales , Carbacol/farmacología , Carbazoles/farmacología , Toxina del Cólera/farmacología , Técnicas In Vitro , Alcaloides Indólicos , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Masculino , Neurosecreción/efectos de los fármacos , Ouabaína/farmacología , Fenilefrina/farmacología , Piperazinas/farmacología , Polimixina B/farmacología , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Proteína Quinasa C/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismo , Ratas , Veratridina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Carbachol (CCh), a muscarinic agonist that elicits the formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DG), induces a calcium-dependent [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) release [IC50 = (2.7 +/- 0.5) X 10(-4) M] in rat brain slices. Similarly, other muscarinic agonists evoke [3H]NE release which is specifically inhibited by muscarinic antagonists such as 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, atropine, and N-methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate. The atropine-sensitive evoked release is effectively inhibited by neomycin (IC50 = 50 microM), a phospholipase C inhibitor that interferes with IP3-dependent cellular processes. In addition, polymyxin B, a rather selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PK-C), abolishes the agonist-mediated release with a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.53 microM (750 ng/ml). These results have a significant implication for the mechanism by which agonists generating IP3 and DG act as inducers of neurotransmitter release in the CNS. However, since both neomycin and polymyxin B act also as N-calcium-channel blockers, other possible mechanisms are discussed. The CCh-induced release suggests that in the CNS an agonist-receptor interaction leads to a calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release, most likely via promoting the IP3/DG as second messengers followed by activation of PK-C.