RESUMEN
Dengue virus (DENV) is an endemic disease in the hot and humid low-lands of Colombia. We characterize the association of monthly series of dengue cases with indices of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at the tropical Pacific and local climatic variables in Colombia during the period 2007-2017 at different temporal and spatial scales. For estimation purposes, we use lagged cross-correlations (Pearson test), cross-wavelet analysis (wavelet cross spectrum, and wavelet coherence), as well as a novel nonlinear causality method, PCMCI, that allows identifying common causal drivers and links among high dimensional simultaneous and time-lagged variables. Our results evidence the strong association of DENV cases in Colombia with ENSO indices and with local temperature and rainfall. El Niño (La Niña) phenomenon is related to an increase (decrease) of dengue cases nationally and in most regions and departments, with maximum correlations occurring at shorter time lags in the Pacific and Andes regions, closer to the Pacific Ocean. This association is mainly explained by the ENSO-driven increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall, especially in the Andes and Pacific regions. The influence of ENSO is not stationary, given the reduction of DENV cases since 2005, and that local climate variables vary in space and time, which prevents to extrapolate results from one region to another. The association between DENV and ENSO varies at national and regional scales when data are disaggregated by seasons, being stronger in DJF and weaker in SON. Overall, the Pacific and Andes regions control the relationship between dengue dynamics and ENSO at national scale. Cross-wavelet analysis indicates that the ENSO-DENV relation in Colombia exhibits a strong coherence in the 12 to 16-months frequency band, which implies the frequency locking between the annual cycle and the interannual (ENSO) timescales. Results of nonlinear causality metrics reveal the complex concomitant effects of ENSO and local climate variables, while offering new insights to develop early warning systems for DENV in Colombia.
Asunto(s)
Dengue , El Niño Oscilación del Sur , Colombia/epidemiología , Dengue/epidemiología , Humanos , Estaciones del Año , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Some benthic dinoflagellates produce toxins that can affect other organisms including humans, and their proliferation seems to be related to the environmental variability. For this reason, the present study aims to compare the structural variation of potentially toxic dinoflagellates associated with the seagrass Thalassia testudinum from two nearby systems, with different environmental characteristics in Colombian Caribbean, corresponding to a brackish water coastal lagoon and an adjacent bay. Between January 2014 and December 2015, leaves of T. testudinum were collected monthly to obtain the dinoflagellates. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients and total suspended solids (TSS) were measured, and precipitation data and the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) were obtained. Dinoflagellates were detached from the leaves, morphologically identified by analyzing their thecal plates arrangements, and quantified using a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber. The information was analyzed using standard statistics and regression models. Fourteen species of potentially toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate belonging to four genera were recorded, being Prorocentrum the most representative in number of species. The maximum density, dominated by P. lima, were found in Bahía Chengue during the rainy season of 2014 (18452 and 20109 cells g-1 w.w.), with salinity of 35.50, high temperatures (>29.60 °C), dissolved oxygen >6 mg L-1, pH close to 8 and TSS >85 mg L-1. Densities at the Lagoon were lower than 80 cells g-1 w.w. with the highest values of Prorocentrum sp.1 under different environmental conditions. With the statistical relationships between the most abundant species and the main environmental variables, fundamental niche models were proposed in which cells could proliferate. The degree of risk to human health due to the presence of these potentially toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates will not be resolved until their toxicity discarded.
Asunto(s)
Dinoflagelados , Hydrocharitaceae , Región del Caribe , Colombia , SalinidadRESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: la miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) se diseñó inicialmente para el manejo de la acalasia, que es un trastorno crónico y progresivo de la motilidad esofágica con hipertensión del esfínter esofágico inferior (EEI), para la cual el manejo estándar, hasta ahora, ha sido la cirugía de Heller; sin embargo, esta nueva técnica ofrece resultados muy comparables y prometedores. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con acalasia operados por POEM en una institución de Colombia por un solo cirujano endoscopista. Resultados: se encontraron 4 pacientes con acalasia, todas con Eckardt ≥10 y presión EEI ≥30 mm Hg; el tiempo quirúrgico osciló entre 81-120 minutos; en el seguimiento, la reducción en la presión del EEI fue mayor al 50% prácticamente en todos los pacientes, encontrando valores cercanos a la normalidad y con resultados de Eckardt que demuestran éxito en la terapia POEM a los 2 meses de evaluación. Las complicaciones fueron resueltas en el intraoperatorio, con mortalidad de 0%. Conclusiones: El manejo de la acalasia mediante POEM ha demostrado ser una técnica eficaz y segura. Nuestros primeros hallazgos concuerdan con los resultados descritos en la literatura. Este es el primer paso para la implementación de este novedoso abordaje en el manejo de la acalasia en la población colombiana.
Abstract Introduction: Peroral endoscopic myotomies (POEMs) were initially designed to manage achalasia, a chronic and progressive esophageal motility disorder with lower esophageal sphincter hypertension (LES). Until recently, standard treatment had been Heller's surgery, but this new technique offers very promising pressure. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective review of the clinical histories of patients with achalasia who underwent POEM performed by one endoscopic surgeon at a Colombian institution. Results: Four patients with achalasia were found. All had Eckardt scores of ten or more and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure of 30mm Hg or more. Surgical times ranged between 81 and 120 minutes. Follow-up examinations found that LES pressure had decreased by more than 50% in practically all patients. Eckardt scores were close to normal. This demonstrates success of POEM therapy after two months of evaluation. Complications were resolved intraoperatively without mortality. Conclusions: Management of achalasia by POEM has proven to be a safe and effective technique. Our first findings agree with the results described in the literature. This is the first step in the implementation of this novel approach for management of achalasia in our Colombian population.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Terapéutica , Acalasia del Esófago , Miotomía , Trastornos de la Motilidad EsofágicaRESUMEN
The main aim was to measure the incidence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and identify risk factors associated with infection. In addition, we determined the number needed to screen (NNS) to identify LTBI and active tuberculosis. We followed 129 prisoners for 2 years following a negative two-step tuberculin skin test (TST). The cumulative incidence of TST conversion over 2 years was 29·5% (38/129), among the new TST converters, nine developed active TB. Among persons with no evidence of LTBI, the NNS to identify a LTBI case was 3·4 and an active TB case was 14·3. The adjusted risk factors for LTBI conversion were incarceration in prison number 1, being formerly incarcerated, and overweight. In conclusion, prisoners have higher risk of LTBI acquisition compared with high-risk groups, such as HIV-infected individuals and children for whom LTBI testing should be performed according to World Health Organization guidance. The high conversion rate is associated with high incidence of active TB disease, and therefore we recommend mandatory LTBI screening at the time of prison entry. Individuals with a negative TST at the time of entry to prison are at high risk of acquiring infection, and should therefore be followed in order to detect convertors and offer LTBI treatment. This approach has a very low NNS for each identified case, and it can be utilized to decrease development of active TB disease and transmission.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Prisioneros , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Colombia/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Tuberculosis Latente/microbiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) prevalence survey was conducted using tuberculin skin test (TST) and Quantiferon test (QFT) in 1218 healthcare workers (HCWs) in Medellín, Colombia. In order to improve the prevalence estimates, a latent class model was built using a Bayesian approach with informative priors on the sensitivity and specificity of the TST. The proportion of concordant results (TST+,QFT+) was 41% and the discordant results contributed 27%. The marginal estimate of the prevalence P(LTBI+) was 62·1% [95% credible interval (CrI) 53·0-68·2]. The probability of LTBI+ given positive results for both tests was 99·6% (95% CrI 98·1-99·9). Sensitivity was 88·5 for TST and 74·3 for QFT, and specificity was 87·8 for TST and 97·6 for QFT. A high LTBI prevalence was found in HCWs with time-accumulated exposure in hospitals that lack control plans. In a context of intermediate tuberculosis (TB) incidence it is recommended to use only one test (either QFT or TST) in prevalence surveys or as pre-employment tests. Results will be useful to help implement TB infection control plans in hospitals where HCWs may be repeatedly exposed to unnoticed TB patients, and to inform the design of TB control policies.
Asunto(s)
Personal de Salud , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Adulto , Teorema de Bayes , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hospitales Públicos , Humanos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
We simulated the frequency of tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in order to classify the risk of TB transmission for nine hospitals in Medellín, Colombia. We used a risk assessment approach to estimate the average number of infections in three risk groups of a cohort of 1082 workers exposed to potentially infectious patients over 10- and 20-day periods. The risk level of the hospitals was classified according to TB prevalence: two of the hospitals were ranked as being of very high priority, six as high priority and one as low priority. Consistent results were obtained when the simulation was validated in two hospitals by studying 408 healthcare workers using interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin testing. The latent infection prevalence using laboratory tests was 41% [95% confidence interval (CI) 34·3-47·7] and 44% (95% CI 36·4-51·0) in those hospitals, and in the simulation, it was 40·7% (95% CI 32·3-49·0) and 36% (95% CI 27·9-44·0), respectively. Simulation of risk may be useful as a tool to classify local and regional hospitals according to their risk of nosocomial TB transmission, and to facilitate the design of hospital infection control plans.
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Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa de Paciente a Profesional , Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Modelos Estadísticos , Personal de Hospital , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/transmisión , Colombia/epidemiología , Simulación por Computador , Hospitales/clasificación , Humanos , Incidencia , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Prevalencia , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Introducción: la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C es un problema de salud pública. Según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se estiman 184 millones de casos de infección por VHC en el mundo. El principal factor de riesgo en países en desarrollo corresponde a la transfusión de componentes sanguíneos. En Colombia, en 1993, se reglamentó el tamizaje serológico en los bancos de sangre para diferentes agentes infecciosos, incluido el VHC; sin embargo, los datos de infección por VHC en la población transfundida antes de esta fecha es limitada. Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de infección por el VHC en una población de individuos transfundidos antes de 1994 en Antioquia. Materiales y Métodos: un total de 166 individuos transfundidos antes de 1994 aceptaron participar en el estudio. A partir de las muestras de suero se realizó la detección de anticuerpos totales contra el VHC (anti-VHC) mediante prueba de ELISA y en las muestras positivas se determinó la presencia del genoma viral por RT-PCR de la región no codificante 5. Resultados y conclusiones: en el población de estudio se encontró una frecuencia de anticuerpos anti-VHC de 6,6% (11/166) y presencia del genoma del VHC en 7/11 de las muestras; el genotipo 1 se identificó en 4 de las muestras. No se encontró asociación de otros factores de riesgo diferentes a transfusión en los individuos con marcadores de infección por el VHC. Este estudio aporta datos a la epidemiología de la infección por el VHC en Colombia.
Introduction: Infection with the hepatitis C virus is a public health problem. According to the World Health Organization there are an estimated 184 million cases of HCV infection around the world. The main risk factor in developing countries is transfusion of blood components. In 1993, Colombian regulations began requiring serological screening by blood banks for infectious agents including HCV. Nevertheless, data about HCV infections in the population transfused before this date is limited. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the frequency of HCV infection in the population of individuals transfused before 1994 in Antioquia. Materials and Methods: A total of 166 individuals transfused before 1994 agreed to participate in the study. ELISA tests for antibodies to HCV were performed on these patients serum samples. Samples that were positive were tested for the presence of the viral genome by RT-PCR of non-coding region 5. Results and Conclusions: The frequency of anti-HCV antibodies in study population was 6.6% (11/166) while the HCV genome was present in seven of these eleven individuals. Genotype 1 was identified in four of the samples. No associations of different risk factors for transfusion in individuals with markers of HCV infection were found. This study provides data on the epidemiology of HCV infection in Colombia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Transfusión de Componentes Sanguíneos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Genotipo , HepacivirusRESUMEN
SETTING: Two prisons in Medellín and Itagüí, Colombia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity in prisoners and the annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARTI), to identify risk factors associated with a positive result, and to describe progression to active disease. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Inmates were included if time of incarceration was ⩾1 year and excluded if subjects had had previous or active tuberculosis (TB), or conditions that could hamper TST administration or interpretation. RESULTS: We screened 1014 inmates. The overall prevalence of TST positivity was 77.6%. The first TST administration resulted in 66% positivity, and the second TST an additional 11.6%. In Prison One, the ARTI was 5.09% in high TB incidence cell blocks and 2.72% in low TB incidence blocks. In Prison Two, the ARTI was 2.77%. Risk factors associated with TST positivity were history of previous incarceration and length of incarceration. Among all those included in the study, four individuals developed active pulmonary TB. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of TST positivity in prisoners and the ARTI were higher than in the general population, but differed between prisons; it is important to apply a second TST to avoid an overestimation of converters during follow-up.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Prisiones , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Prisioneros , Factores de Riesgo , Prueba de Tuberculina/métodos , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Incidence and risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in a Colombian cohort of kidney transplant recipients. CMV infection and disease are important causes of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients, and its prevalence varies with economic, geographic, and ethnic factors. Among 1620 records from a Colombian reference center, CMV immunoglobulin (Ig)G seroprevalence was found to be 90.9% among recipients and 90.2% among donors. In 86% (n = 264) of the cases, CMV disease occurred during the first 6 months after the transplantation, and the most frequent clinical presentation was CMV syndrome, followed by gastrointestinal disease. The following parameters were independent predictors of CMV disease: serological status of D+/R+ (hazard ratio [HR], 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.63) and D+/R- (HR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.49-4.93), age of the recipient (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), and receiving more than 30 mg of prednisolone by the end of the first month after transplantation (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.22-2.07). Acyclovir prophylaxis or other antiviral agents significantly decreased the risk of disease (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.29-0.58 and HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.20-0.58, respectively). In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of CMV infection in a cohort of Latin American transplant recipients. In accord with findings from other regions, serological status is the main risk factor, prophylaxis with acyclovir is effective, and induction with alemtuzumab does not increase the risk of CMV disease.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/terapia , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Insuficiencia Renal/cirugía , Aciclovir/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Alemtuzumab , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Cohortes , Colombia , Citomegalovirus , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Insuficiencia Renal/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Elderly patients are the fastest growing population requiring renal replacement therapy. It has been stated that renal transplantation may be the best treatment option for these patients. However, it has been observed that older patients have a higher mortality rate than those who are younger. Yet the factors that determine post-transplantation outcomes in this population remain poorly defined. The aims of this study were to evaluate the graft and patient survival in kidney transplant recipients who are older than 60 years of age to identify relevant predictive factors. METHODS: In this population-based retrospective cohort study of 201 kidney transplantations performed in elderly patients from January 2002 throughout June 2009, we estimated the 1-,3-,and 5-year patients and graft survival rates. We also evaluated the complications and the predictors of poor outcomes. Survival times were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and survival differences assessed with Mantel-Cox log rank-test. We performed a Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate the impact of baseline and treatment characteristics on patient and graft survival. RESULTS: Graft and patient survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 76.4%, 71.3%, and 54.3%, and 78.2%, 73.8%, and 56.4%, respectively. Graft survival rates censored for patient death with a functioning graft were 93.1, 92.1, and 89%. Patient survival rates differed between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects at 1, 3 and 5 years (69.5% versus 83.6%; 59.8% versus 72.3%; 43.6% versus 65.7%; P = .008). On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with patients survival were diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] 2.058, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.173-3.611, P = .012) and the 1-month serum creatinine value was > 1.6 mg/dL (HR 2.108 for each point increase, 95% CI 1.521-2.921, P = .000). Furthermore, there was an insignificant trend forward an association between active or past smoker and lower patient survival (HR 1.689, 95% CI 0.937-3.043, P = .08). The main causes of graft loss were patient death (79.5%). acute rejection (6.8%), and chronic allograft nephropathy (5.5%). CONCLUSION: Renal transplantation can be performed safely and with acceptable outcomes in elderly patients after appropriate clinical evaluation. The grafts show excellent survival albeit that deaths with a functional graft continue to be an important issue.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Riñón , Tasa de Supervivencia , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common viral infection affecting transplant patients, but urinary tract involvement has been rare. Only a few cases of symptomatic ureteritis have been reported in renal transplant recipients. In previous reports the presentation of CMV ureteritis is obstructive nephropathy, often in the absence of systemic illness, or rarely it may also mimic allograft rejection with minimal obstructive symptoms. We describe an additional case of CMV ureteritis in a patient with cutaneous ureterostomy. The unusual clinical presentation with urinary infection symptoms and ureterostomy stoma ulceration constitute a very particular presentation. The increasing report cases with CMV ureteritis suggest an increase of this post-transplant complication.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Inflamación/virología , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Úlcera Cutánea/virología , Enfermedades Ureterales/virología , Ureterostomía , Adulto , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent in renal transplant candidates; however, its effect on the transplant outcome is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of HCV infection in the outcome of kidney transplantation in a single transplant center. The study population 144 HCV- randomized selected patients and 64 HCV+ patients transplanted from 1973 to 2000, followed for up to 60 months post-transplantation. This retrospective study included the following variables: type of dialysis, time on renal replacement therapy, number of transfusions before and after transplantation, number of transplants, type of donor, immunosuppression, and rejection episodes. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate graft and patient survival. Log-rank test was used to assess the difference in survival between HCV+ and HCV-. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the relation between graft and patient survival. HCV+ and HCV- patients had similar demographic and clinical characteristics; however, a higher number of HCV+ patients received blood transfusions after transplantation. Patient survival was not significantly different in 39 HCV+ and 96 HCV- patients transplanted with living-related donors (71% and 77% at five yr, respectively). Similarly, there was not significant difference in 25 HCV+ and 48 HCV- patients transplanted with kidneys from deceased donors, although there was a tendency to better outcome in HCV- patients (55% and 72% at five yr respectively). Regarding graft survival, there was also no differences in HCV+ and HCV- recipients of living-related grafts (61% and 66% at five yr post-transplant, respectively) and recipients of kidneys from deceased donors (44% and 41%, respectively). The results show that HCV+ patients can be transplanted with the same success than HCV- patients.
Asunto(s)
Supervivencia de Injerto , Hepatitis C/epidemiología , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Trasplante de Riñón/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Transfusión Sanguínea/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Preescolar , Comorbilidad , Ciclosporina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades Renales/cirugía , Cirrosis Hepática/epidemiología , Masculino , Metilprednisolona/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
La tuberculosis continúa siendo una de las enfermedades con mayor impacto sobre la salud pública, el cual ha aumentado mediante la coinfección con el virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. El papel preventivo de la terapia antirretroviral altamente efectiva (HAART), para que ocurra la tuberculosis activa, se considera insuficiente si no se brinda de una manera regular y con un nivel de adherencia por parte de los pacientes. Desde la implementación mundial de esta terapia HAART, la morbilidad por la coinfección tuberculosa ha disminuido de manera importante, pero no es el único factor para controlar la TB en este grupo de alto riesgo. Objetivos: determinar la tendencia de la enfermedad tuberculosa en pacientes VIH positivos durante los años de implementación del tratamiento antirretroviral en dos cohortes de pacientes VIH positivos provenientes de diferentes centros de salud de la ciudad de Medellín. Metodología: estudio descriptivo basado en los registros de la base de datos del programa de atención para VIH en un programa de referencia para manejo de pacientes con VIH/sida de diferentes instituciones de salud durante los años 1996 a 2002 y una cohorte retrospectiva conformada para evaluar la incidencia de la TB, en comparación con pacientes que recibían quimioprofilaxis en un estudio realizado durante los años 2003 a 2005. Resultados: se encontró una tendencia progresiva al aumento de la proporción de terapia HAART en el período de estudio, con suministro irregular de esta terapia de 60% entre los años 2003-2005. Se presentó una incidencia anual de TB entre 0,1 y 5,1%. La proporción de casos de TB entre quienes no recibieron HAART fue significativamente mayor: 29,5% en el período 1996-2001. El nivel de efectividad contra la tuberculosis de esta terapia fue de 60% (RR = 0,4). Conclusión: se debe garantizar una terapia altamente efectiva a los pacientes con VIH/sida en el momento en que se les indique por el alto riesgo de desarrollar TB. ...
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important disease with public health impact. Which has increased since HIV epidemic emergence. The preventive role of highly effective antiretroviral (HAART) against TB disease is not enough to control TB because it requires regular administration and adherence to therapy. Since HAART implementation around the world, de TB, co morbidity has decreased, but is no the only factor to control it. Objectives: to determine TB trend in HIV infected patients, during HAART implementation in two patient cohorts coming from different health centers of Medellín. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted based on registries and data bases from a referral program to care HIV/AIDS patiens in different health centers in the city during 1996 to 2002, and a retrospective cohort of HIV patients with data from clinical registries which was comprised in order to compare TB risk in a prophylaxis study during 2003-2005. Results: we report an increasing trend of HAART therapy use during the period of study, with 60% of HIV patients with irregular therapy during the last period (2003-2005). The annual TB incidence was between 0.1 to 5.1%. The TB proportion among the HIV patients who did not received haart effectiviness was 60% (RR=0.4). Conclusion: HAART therapy must be administered at each HIV/AIDS patients when the risk of developing TB is high, according to this results, HAART therapy is effective but is not the only factor to control TB in this population.
Asunto(s)
TuberculosisRESUMEN
We described a case of allograft kidney dysfunction associated with renal parenchymal infection with amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The patient was diagnosed as being chronically infected prior to transplantation. The infection was probably acquired by blood transfusion. He could not complete antiparasitic treatment due to drug toxicity. He was transplanted from a cadaver who showed a negative test for Chagas' disease. One year after transplantation the serum creatinine progressively increased. Histological examination of renal biopsy revealed intracytoplasmic amastigotes of T cruzi. No evidence of other specific alterations in the graft was detected. It was unknown whether graft dysfunction was only due to parasitic infection. The present case confirmed that T cruzi can infect kidney grafts and that immunosuppression in kidney transplantation is potentially a cause of dissemination of Chagas' disease.
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Enfermedad de Chagas/patología , Trasplante de Riñón/patología , Riñón/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Animales , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/cirugía , Nefritis Lúpica/cirugía , Masculino , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Objetivo: describir los cambios en las tendencias de mortalidad y egresos hospitalarios por tuberculosis durante la implementación de la reforma del sector salud en Colombia para el departamento de Antioquia entre 1985-1999. Materiales y métodos: se realizó análisis de series de tiempo a las tasas de mortalidad y proporciones de incidencia de egresos, para lo cual se segmentaron las series dependiendo del punto de inflexión. Resultados: la serie mortalidad por todas las causas presentó un comportamiento aleatorio, descendente hasta 1992, periodo en que se observa un leve aumento y posterior estabilización de las tasas hasta 1997, cuando vuelve a descender. La serie egresos hospitalarios presentó un comportamiento aleatorio, descendente, interrumpido en 1994 y 1996. Conclusiones: las tendencias de la mortalidad y egresos hospitalarios por tuberculosis en Antioquia sufrieron cambios en 1992, momento en el cual la mortalidad cambió su tendencia al descenso, mientras que los egresos hospitalarios la conservaron a pesar de presentar un aumento considerable en 1994. Los cambios presentados entre 1992 y 1997 coincidieron con el periodo de implementación de la reforma en Antioquia, que llevó a la descentralización de los programas de salud pública y a la desarticulación de instituciones encargadas del control de la enfermedad.
Asunto(s)
Reforma de la Atención de Salud , Mortalidad , Alta del Paciente , TuberculosisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To explore Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG) as a protective factor against tuberculosis (TB) and how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection modifies the effect of BCG on TB. METHODS: Two matched case-control studies were conducted. One study compared TB cases and controls who were HIV positive. The second compared TB cases and controls who were HIV negative. The study population consisted of 88 TB cases and 88 controls among HIV-positive individuals and 314 TB cases and 310 controls among HIV-negative individuals. Cases were new TB diagnoses, confirmed by either bacteriology, pathology, radiology or clinical response to treatment; controls were selected from people without TB symptoms and who sought medical attention in the same institution where a case was enrolled. BCG was assessed by the presence of a typical scar. RESULTS: The level of protection against all clinical forms of TB was 22% among HIV positive individuals (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78, 95% CI : 0.48-1.26) and 26% among HIV negatives (OR = 0.74, 95% CI : 0.52-1.05). There was a significant difference (P = 0.002) in the level of protection against extrapulmonary TB (ETB) between HIV-negative (OR = 0.54, 95% CI : 0.32-0.93) and HIV-positive individuals (OR = 1.36, 95% CI : 0.72-2.57). CONCLUSION: BCG has a modest protective effect against all forms of TB independent of HIV status, and BCG confers protection against extrapulmonary TB among HIV-negative individuals. However, HIV infection seems to abrogate the protective effect of BCG against extrapulmonary TB. Our data support the public health importance of BCG vaccine in the prevention of extrapulmonary TB among immunocompetent individuals.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna BCG , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/prevención & control , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Colombia/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores Socioeconómicos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Se realizo un estudio transversal con el fin de evaluar la respuesta a la tuberculina en estudiantes del area de la salud (medicina, odontologia, enfermeria y bacteriologia) en comparacion con estudiantes de otras areas de la Universidad de Antioquia (Medellin, Colombia) en tres niveles, (inicial, intermedio y final) del programa academico. La muestra comprendio 490 estudiantes, 273 del area de la salud y 217 de las otras areas; la seleccion se hizo de manera aleatoria con base en los listados del Departamento de Admisiones y Registros de la Universidad para el segundo semestre de 1998. Se determino la presencia de cicatriz de vacunacion BCG y factores de riesgo de tuberculosis. La tuberculina se evaluo 72 horas despues de la aplicacion intradermica de 2 UT de PPD, RT-23. La respuesta a la tuberculina no mostro deferencias por nivel de estudios ni nivel socioeconomico; solo la presencia de cicatriz BCG estuvo significativamente asociada (P=0,007). Estos resultados indican que los estudiantes del area de la salud tienen un contacto reducido con pacientes con tuberculosis o sus muestras durante su formacion, lo cual no descarta la tuberculosis como riesgo profesional para el personal de salud
A cross-sectional study was done at the University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, to evaluate the response to a tuberculin skin test among students in undergraduate health programs (medicine, odontology, nursing, and bacteriology) as compared to undergraduate students in nonhealth programs. The study included students from the beginning, middle, and end of the university's academic programs. The sample of 490 students included 273 from health programs and 217 from nonhealth programs. Participants were randomly selected using lists provided by the university registrar, for the second semester of 1998. The presence of a BCG vaccination scar was determined, and all the participants were also questioned about TB-related risk factors. Tuberculin skin test reactivity was evaluated by the size of induration 72 hours after intradermal injection of two tuberculin units of purified protein derivative RT 23. There were no differences in tuberculin reactivity between students from the health programs and from the nonhealth programs, irrespective of the academic level. However, there was a significantly higher proportion of positive skin tests among students with a BCG scar. These results suggest that undergraduate health students do not have extensive contact with TB patients or with clinical samples from such patients. Nevertheless, the results do not rule out TB as an occupational risk for health personnel.
Asunto(s)
Estudiantes , Tuberculina , Estudios Transversales , Estudiantes del Área de la Salud , Formación de Anticuerpos , ColombiaRESUMEN
Los desórdenes de trauma acumulativo (DTA) se han convertido en problemas de primera importancia en los ambientes laborales, especialmete en oficios que requieren la utilización de segmentos corporales en forma muy repetida o que implican posturas Después de una experiencia en el montaje de un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica durante dos años, se ha llegado a una normalización del proceso para abordar la problemática de los desórdenes de trauma acumulativo, partiendo del ambiente e interveniendo en él de manera preventiva a la vez que se da solución a los problemas de salud que vayan teniendo las personas en el transcurso del tiempo.inadecuadas o de esfuerzos prolongados en el tiempo.El sistema de vigilancia de los desórdenes de trauma acumulativo presenta tres fases: el panorama de factores de riesgo como primera fase para descubrir cuales oficios son potencialmente agresivos desde el punto de vista de los factores de riesgo ergonómico; la evaluación de las condiciones ergonómicas y biomecánicas como segunda fase; y una tercera corresponde a la evaluación específica del riesgo de lesión osteomuscular por segmentos corporales. En cada fase se proponen alternativas de intervención, de acuerdo con la complejidad del problema y la factibilidad técnica y económica de hacer dicha intervención. Posteriormente se hace una evaluación desde el punto de vista médico a los trabajadores expuestos y se determinan las acciones que deber seguirse con las personas que ya presentan algunos síntomas