RESUMEN
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic/parasympathetic neural ganglia, respectively. The heterogeneity in its etiology makes PPGL diagnosis and treatment very complex. The aim of this article was to provide practical clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PPGLs from a multidisciplinary perspective, with the involvement of the Spanish Societies of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN), Medical Oncology (SEOM), Medical Radiology (SERAM), Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM), Otorhinolaryngology (SEORL), Pathology (SEAP), Radiation Oncology (SEOR), Surgery (AEC) and the Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). We will review the following topics: epidemiology; anatomy, pathology and molecular pathways; clinical presentation; hereditary predisposition syndromes and genetic counseling and testing; diagnostic procedures, including biochemical testing and imaging studies; treatment including catecholamine blockade, surgery, radiotherapy and radiometabolic therapy, systemic therapy, local ablative therapy and supportive care. Finally, we will provide follow-up recommendations.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/terapia , Paraganglioma/diagnóstico , Paraganglioma/terapia , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico , Feocromocitoma/terapia , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/genética , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/patología , Cuidados Posteriores , Algoritmos , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Biomarcadores de Tumor/orina , Catecolaminas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Diagnóstico por Imagen/métodos , Asesoramiento Genético , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Pruebas Genéticas , Humanos , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Paraganglioma/genética , Paraganglioma/patología , Feocromocitoma/genética , Feocromocitoma/patología , Sociedades Médicas , España/epidemiología , Evaluación de Síntomas/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Spondylodiscitis is a rare but prolonged inflammation of two adjacent vertebral bodies and the disk in between. AIM: To report the clinical features of a series of patients with spondylodiscitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with spondylitis, identified between 1989 and 2002. RESULTS: A total of 25 cases were identified, 15 female, aged 49.8 years as a mean. Their mean evolution before admission was 4.3 months. Main complaints were back or radicular pain. Mild anemia was present in most patients. Mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein values were 66 mm/h and 60 mg/L, respectively. Forty four percent of patients had neurological complications. Vertebral computed tomography and scintigraphic studies were done in 72 per cent of patients, but magnetic resonance imaging was done only in 4 (16 per cent). In 18 patients, a tissue sample for pathological and microbiological analysis, was obtained by imaging guiding or surgically. Tuberculosis, diagnosed on pathology, was the leading cause of spondylitis in nine cases (36 per cent), followed by Staphylococcus aureus infection in five (20 per cent). Other agents found were E coli and group D Streptococcus (one each). Age, symptoms, evolution time and different laboratory parameters did not differ between patients with tuberculosis and patients with other causes. A microbiological cause was not established in 36 per cent of cases. Most patients evolved satisfactorily and recovered from neurological complications (88 per cent). One patient with tuberculosis did not improve after prolonged treatment and 2 patients infected with S aureus died (8 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: Spondylodiscitis is associated to a diversity of microbial agents and in most cases has a favorable prognosis.