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Bio-fabrication has become a safe approach for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The plant-mediated biosynthesized Ag NPs have emerged as a potential substitute for conventional chemical formation. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were analyzed in terms of crystalline nature, morphology, chemical composition, particle size, stability, size, and shape of the particles. The XRD, FTIR, and TEM analysis indicate the presence of the bioactive secondary metabolites compounds. The bamboo-mediated Ag NPs demonstrated a notable antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms and showed significant antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals. The degradation of methylene blue at various intervals under solar light irradiation was used to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of Ag NPs. Further, Ag NPs conveyed potent anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines with a significant value IC50. The bamboo leaves-mediated Ag NPs synthesized Ag NPs signified strong antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity; hence, it can be used in various biomedical applications and face mask coating to prevent the coronavirus after successful clinical trials in research laboratories.

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Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection commonly encountered in immunocompromised individuals. The oral cavity harbours numerous microbes and along with immunity saliva also maintains oral health. The Candida species form biofilm over the tissue and prosthetic surfaces. The biofilm formation results in persistent colonisation and persistent infection. The saliva in the oral cavity maintains the integrity of the oral environment by washing away the microbes through its flow and with its antimicrobial agents. The significant role of salivary histatins as an antifungal agent diminishes with hyposalivation. The importance of saliva in preventing fungal colonisation and infection is discussed in this review.

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Although insertion of chest drain tubes is a common medical practice, there are risks associated with this procedure, especially when inexperienced physicians perform it. Wrong insertion of the tube has been known to cause morbidity and occasional mortality. We report a case where the left ventricle was accidentally punctured leading to near-exsanguination. This report is to highlight the need for experienced physicians to supervise the procedure and train the younger physician in the safe performance of the procedure.

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The mononuclear phagocyte system consists of cells that have a common lineage whose primary function is phagocytosis. The specific immunity is achieved by the combined effects of macrophages and lymphocytes, and system has been called lymphoreticular system. Reticuloendothelial system means a special group of cells, scattered in different parts of the body, but all having some common characteristics. These cells are powerful phagocytes.

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Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor generally present in the jaw bone. The tumor originates from the residual epithelium of the tooth germ, epithelium of odontogenic cysts stratified squamous epithelium and epithelium of the enamel organ. It represents approximately 1% of oral tumors. About 80% of ameloblastomas occur in the mandible mainly the third molar region and the remaining 20% in the upper jaw. Ameloblastoma clinically appears as an aggressive odontogenic tumor, often asymptomatic and slow-growing, with no evidence of swelling. This article deals with a complete review on ameloblastoma.

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Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a benign intramedullary fibro-osseous lesion. FD is a bone developmental anomaly characterized by replacement of normal bone and marrow bone by fibrous tissue. It involves any of the bones as single lesion (monostotic) or in multiple bone lesions (polyostotic) or all of the skeletal system (panostotic). Long bones are most commonly involved, which mostly identified incidentally and clinically appears asymptomatic. Clinical, radiographical and histopathological findings will help in confirming the lesion. There are many treatment option available, but still management of FD remains challenging.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is ranking 1(st) among males and 4(th) among females in India. In spite of major advances in diagnosis and treatment of OSCC, survival rates, have remained poor. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood stream, play an important role in establishing metastases. It is important to identify patients suffering from nonlocalized tumor with "circulating" tumor cells to determine the tailor made, systemic therapy in addition to local resection and irradiation. Thus, detecting metastases at an early stage are needed for better prognosis and survival. CTCs as new prognostic marker to detect the metastatic potential will provide a novel insight into tumor burden and efficacy of therapy. The recent advances and its application in OSCC will be reviewed.

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Granular cell ameloblastoma is a slow growing odontogenic ectodermal tumor. The tumor shows typical ameloblastoma with the cells showing eosinophilic granularity. This variant of ameloblastoma is aggressive with high recurrence rates. We report a case of aggressive ameloblastoma of granular cell variant.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of citrus fruit oil (CFO; 2.5 g kg(-1)) on the clinicopathological changes in broilers fed with diets containing 1 ppm of aflatoxin (AF). A total of 160 Ross 308 broiler chicks of 1-day-old were procured from a commercial hatchery, divided randomly on 7th day of age into four groups with two replicates of 20 birds each and fed with basal diet (group A), basal diet + CFO (group B), basal diet + AF (group C) and CFO + basal diet + AF (group D). The gross and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were investigated and relative organ weights were calculated. Slight to moderate hydropic degeneration, fatty change with the formation of cyst in some cases, periportal necrosis, infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells and bile duct hyperplasia were observed in chicks fed with 1 ppm AF-containing diet. The addition of CFO to AF-containing diet moderately decreased the magnitude and severity of lesions (hydropic degeneration and bile duct hyperplasia) in the liver. The supplementation of CFO to the basal diet did not produce any adverse effects in birds.

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BACKGROUND: Cholinesterase determination indicates whether the person has been under pesticide exposure is not. It is recommended that the worker's cholinesterase level should be assessed for workers at a pesticide applied region. Hence, cholinesterase activities in blood samples of agricultural workers exposed to vegetables and grape cultivation with age matched, unexposed workers, who never had any exposure to pesticides, were estimated. METHODS: The detailed occupational history and lifestyle characters were obtained by questionnaire. Cholinesterase activity was determined by the method of Ellman as modified by Chambers and Chambers. RESULTS: AChE was ranging from 1.65 to 3.54µmoles/min/ml in exposed subjects where as it was ranged from 2.22 to 3.51µmoles/min/ml in control subjects. BChE activity was ranging from 0.16 to 5.2µmoles/min/ml among exposed subjects, where as it was ranged from 2.19 to 5.06µmoles/min/ml in control subjects. The results showed statistically significant reduction in enzyme activities (AChE 14%; BChE 56%) among exposed subjects. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the reduction in cholinesterase activity may lead to varieties of effects. Hence it is compulsory to use protective gadgets during pesticide spray. Further a continuous biomonitoring study is recommended to assess pesticide exposure.

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The spectral and redox behavior of bis(diimine)copper(II) complexes, where diimine is bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and dipyrido-[3,2-d:2',3'-f]-quinoxaline, are significantly different in aqueous and in aqueous SDS, CTAB and Triton X-100 micellar solutions. The (1)H NMR spectral study in aqueous (D(2)O) and aqueous micelles reveals that the Cu(II) complexes interact more strongly with SDS than with CTAB and Triton X-100 micelles and at sites on SDS micelles different from those on the latter. Ligand Field spectral studies reveal that the complexes exist as the dicationic aquated species [Cu(diimine)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](2+), which interacts strongly with the anionic SDS micelles through columbic forces. However, they exist as [Cu(diimine)(2)(H(2)O)Cl](+) and/or [Cu(diimine)(2)H(2)] located in the hydrophobic microenvironments in Triton X-100 and CTAB micelles. The attainment of reversibility of the redox systems in the micellar microenvironments is remarkable and this illustrates that the Cu(II) and Cu(I) species undergo stereochemical changes suitable for reversible electron-transfer. The remarkable differences in spectral and electrochemical properties of Cu(II) complexes in aqueous and aqueous micellar solutions illustrate that the complexes are nestled largely within the micellar environments and imply that the accessibilities of the complexes to electron-transfer are different and are dependent on the nature of micelles as well as the nature and hydrophobicity of the diimine ligands.

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