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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportions of awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Brazilian adult population. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, with data from a representative sample of the Brazilian population, taken from the National Health Survey(PNS 2014/2015). Outcomes were defined based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements, self-reported DM diagnosis, and use of hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The proportion of DM awareness, treatment, and control was estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and access to health services, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: DM prevalence in the Brazilian population was of 8.6% (95%CI: 7.8-9.3): 68.2% (95%CI: 63.9-72.3) were aware of their diagnosis, 92.2% (95%CI: 88.6-94.7) of those who were aware were undergoing drug treatments, and, of these, 35.8% (95%CI: 30.5-41.6) had controlled HbA1c levels. The proportions of DM awareness, control, and treatment were lower in men aged 18 to 39 years, individuals with low education, without health insurance, and beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família program. CONCLUSION: Approximately one in ten Brazilians has DM. A little more than half of this population is aware of their diagnosis, a condition measured by HbA1c dosage and clinical diagnosis. Among those who know, the vast majority are undergoing drug treatments. However, less than half of these have their HbA1c levels controlled. Worse scenarios were found in subgroups with high social vulnerability.

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Little is known about whether doctors' recommendations encourage healthy behaviors among individuals with hypertension in Brazil. This study examined the biological, social, and health factors related to doctor's recommendations and the associations between doctor's recommendations and healthy behaviors. The sample consisted of individuals with hypertension (N = 18,260) from Brazil's 2019 National Health Survey. The outcomes examined included smoking, drinking, diet, salt intake, physical activity, and doctor visits. Study findings indicated that more than 80% of people with hypertension in Brazil received doctors' recommendations to adhere to medical care and engage in healthy behaviors. Those who received recommendations were more likely to practice healthy eating and exercise regularly but also to be obese/overweight, smoke, and drink excessively. Nonetheless, the findings concerning diet and exercise suggest the value of doctors' recommendations for individuals with hypertension in Brazil.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the proportions of awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Brazilian adult population. METHOD This is a cross-sectional study, with data from a representative sample of the Brazilian population, taken from the National Health Survey(PNS 2014/2015). Outcomes were defined based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements, self-reported DM diagnosis, and use of hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The proportion of DM awareness, treatment, and control was estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and access to health services, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS DM prevalence in the Brazilian population was of 8.6% (95%CI: 7.8-9.3): 68.2% (95%CI: 63.9-72.3) were aware of their diagnosis, 92.2% (95%CI: 88.6-94.7) of those who were aware were undergoing drug treatments, and, of these, 35.8% (95%CI: 30.5-41.6) had controlled HbA1c levels. The proportions of DM awareness, control, and treatment were lower in men aged 18 to 39 years, individuals with low education, without health insurance, and beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família program. CONCLUSION Approximately one in ten Brazilians has DM. A little more than half of this population is aware of their diagnosis, a condition measured by HbA1c dosage and clinical diagnosis. Among those who know, the vast majority are undergoing drug treatments. However, less than half of these have their HbA1c levels controlled. Worse scenarios were found in subgroups with high social vulnerability.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar as proporções dos indivíduos que têm conhecimento do diagnóstico, tratamento e controle do diabetes mellitus (DM) na população adulta brasileira. MÉTODO Este é um estudo transversal, com dados de amostra representativa da população brasileira, provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS 2014/2015). Os desfechos foram definidos com base na medida de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), no diagnóstico autorreferido de DM e no uso de hipoglicemiantes ou de insulina. Estimou-se a proporção do conhecimento, tratamento e controle do DM de acordo com as características sociodemográficas, condição de saúde e de acesso aos serviços de saúde, e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). RESULTADOS A prevalência de DM na população brasileira foi 8,6% (IC95% 7,8-9,3), 68,2% (IC95% 63,9-72,3) tinham conhecimento do seu diagnóstico, 92,2% (IC95% 88,6-94,7) dos que tinham conhecimento realizam tratamento medicamentoso, e desses, 35,8% (IC95% 30,5-41,6) tinham os níveis de HbA1c controlados. As proporções de conhecimento, controle e tratamento foram menores nos homens, com idade de 18 a 39 anos, indivíduos que possuem baixa escolaridade, sem plano de saúde e beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família. CONCLUSÃO Aproximadamente um em cada dez brasileiros apresenta DM. Um pouco mais da metade desta população tem conhecimento do seu diagnóstico, condição aferida por dosagem de HbA1c e diagnóstico clínico. Entre os que sabem, a grande maioria está sob tratamento medicamentoso. Porém, menos da metade destes tem seus níveis de HbA1c controlados. Cenários piores foram encontrados em subgrupos com alta vulnerabilidade social.

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BACKGROUND: Chronic back pain is prevalent in Brazil, leading to enormous healthcare costs and social burdens. It also disproportionately affects low-income and less-healthy people. OBJECTIVES: This study examines the associations of chronic back pain with biological, psychological, and social factors; how it limits usual activities; and how chronic back pain influences the use of treatment services. METHODS: Using Brazil's National Health Survey (PNS-2019), multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to examine how biological, psychological, and social factors correlate with chronic back pain, limitations on usual activities, and pain treatment. RESULTS: PNS-2019 data showed that 23.4% (95% CI 22.8-24.0) of Brazilian adults aged over 20 reported back pain. A higher prevalence of chronic back pain was associated with biological factors (older age, being female, overweight or obese, current smoking, and having more chronic conditions), lower social conditions (low education, low per capita household income, non-married, and living in rural areas), and poor psychological health (more depressive symptoms). Chronic back pain is more likely to limit usual activities among those with low social conditions (lower education, lower income), poor physical and behavioral health (obese, current smokers, and those with a greater number of chronic conditions), and worse psychological health (more depressive symptoms). However, married people and those who do not consume alcohol were also more likely to report limited activities. Among those with back pain, 68% received at least one form of treatment. Those with intense limitations on their usual activities were 2.2 times as likely to report treatment. People with higher social conditions (higher income, college education, and private health insurance) were more likely to receive treatment. CONCLUSION: The results show significant biological, psychological, and social disparities in the prevalence of chronic back pain in Brazil. The findings point to the need for tailored policies and prevention programs with attention to vulnerable groups. Even though Brazil has universal health care, those with better socioeconomic conditions are more likely to receive treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality among older adults, and it is associated with decreased physical performance. But the role of hemoglobin in the absence of anemia remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of hemoglobin levels on physical performance in Brazilian older adults without anemia. METHODS: The study is longitudinal in that it relies on two waves of the Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE; Health, Well-being, and Aging) study: 2010 and 2015-2016. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to determine the effects of the hemoglobin concentrations on the Short Physical Performance Battery-SPPB over time among the 1,023 who had complete data and did not have anemia in 2010. In the follow-up, there were 567 without anemia. RESULTS: In analyses adjusted for age, education, comorbidities, body mass index, and physical inactivity, we found a differential association between hemoglobin concentration and SBBP by sex, with a positive interaction (ß Hb*female= 0.20, 95% CI 0.04,0.37). At lower levels of hemoglobin, women have lower levels of SPPB than men, but at higher levels of hemoglobin concentration, there are no sex differences in physical performance. In addition, higher age was negatively associated with SPPB levels and cardiometabolic diseases, other diseases, and physical inactivity. Education was positively associated with physical performance. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that higher hemoglobin levels were associated with better physical performance among older adults without anemia in Brazil. However, there were sex differences in this association. This finding is important because, in clinical practice, most health professionals focus on the World Health Organization definition of anemia. Our study suggests the importance of hemoglobin levels among older adults, even those without anemia, and highlights sex differences.

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BACKGROUND: Brazil is among the countries hit hardest by COVID-19, and older adults are among the vulnerable groups. Intergenerational coresidence and interdependence among family members, both prevalent in Brazil, likely increase social and physical contact and thus potential infection. METHODS: Using nationally representative data from the COVID-19 module of the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios), collected between July and November of 2020, we examined the association between living arrangements and exposure to and testing for COVID-19 among 63,816 Brazilians aged 60 years and older. We examine whether living arrangements influence self-reported COVID-19 symptoms as an indicator of subjective health assessment, testing as an indicator of health care service use, and a positive COVID-19 test result as an objective indicator of exposure to the disease. RESULTS: Living arrangements shape older adults' vulnerabilities to COVID-19 exposure and testing. Specifically, those living alone were more likely to report having symptoms and having had a test for COVID-19. However, older adults in multigenerational and skipped generation households were more likely than solo-dwellers to test positive for COVID-19. Those with symptoms were more likely to test, regardless of their living arrangement. Among older adults without symptoms, those living alone had a higher probability of testing than those living in multigenerational or skipped-generation households. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings suggest that coresidence with younger family members puts older adults' health at risk in the context of COVID-19. As younger Brazilians are increasingly vulnerable to COVID-19 and experiencing severe outcomes, policy makers need to be more attentive to the health needs of households that comprise older and younger cohorts, which are also more prevalent in poor and marginalized segments of the population.

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In this article, we report on the recommendations of a binational conference that examined the institutional capacities and future ability of Mexico and the United States to address the need for affordable and sustainable dementia care that results from growing older adult populations. These recommendations reflect the large difference in resources between the two nations and each country's political and institutional capacity. Progress in both countries will require an expansion of programs or the generation of new ones, to meet the needs of older adults, including improving access to services and actively managing the dementia care burden. A comprehensive federal health care safety net will be required in both nations, but economic realities will constrain its implementation. Both nations suffer from a persistent shortage of geriatric primary care physicians and geriatricians, especially in rural areas. Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and care management require additional knowledge and skills of general and specialized staff in the health care workforce to deliver evidence-based, culturally and linguistically appropriate long-term care, and human rights-oriented services. We conclude with a discussion of recommendations for binational dementia care policy and practice.

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To examine changes in body mass index (BMI) among older Brazilian adults and associated factors. Longitudinal, population-based study, conducted in São Paulo, Brazil. Adults aged 60 years or over (n = 1,796) from the first wave of data collection from the Health, Well-Being, and Aging Study (SABE Project) conducted from 2000 to 2010. Repeated mixed-effects linear regression was used to analyze longitudinal changes in BMI and to examine whether sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and social behaviors were associated with these changes. Mean BMI decreased after 70 years. Men had lower BMI than women (ß = -1.86, 95%CI: -2.35; -1.37). Older adults who consumed alcohol (ß = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.06; 0.54), had more than one chronic disease (ß = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.26; 0.72) and who did not perform physical activity (ß = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.38; 0.74) had higher BMI. Subjects who smoked (ß = -0.40, 95%CI: -0.76; -0.04) and who reported having eaten less food in recent months (ß = -0.48, 95%CI: -0.71; -0.24) had lower BMI. In older Brazilians, several sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and behaviors predict BMI. Increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and growing sedentary behaviors in Brazil may have detrimental effects on BMI at older ages.

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Brazil is undergoing a demographic transition characterized by regional inequalities. It is reasonable to assume that aspects related to poverty, development and inequality might reverse the sign of the association of indicators of demographic transition, exemplifying a phenomenon known as Simpson's Paradox. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of inequality, poverty and social development on population dynamics in Brazil, verifying the occurrence of Simpson's paradox in demographic transition. We used population data from the 1991, 2000 and 2010 national censuses, broken down by age and federative unit (FU). The correlation between demographic indicators was assessed by stratifying the FUs into groups according to their median social indicators. The findings show that all FUs have progressed against social indicators and are undergoing demographic transition; however, despite reductions in disparities over the study period, persistent gaps exist between regions. Simpson's paradox was present when the analysis was carried out by census year and social indicators, and was particularly pronounced in 1991. The main challenge is to define how to analyze demographic dynamics in Brazil and understand how contextual factors alter the pace, quantum, and pattern of demographic transition.

O Brasil experimenta uma transição demográfica marcada por desigualdades regionais. É possível supor que aspectos relacionados à pobreza, desenvolvimento e desigualdade possam reverter os efeitos de associação dos indicadores da transição demográfica, tipificando um fenômeno conhecido como Paradoxo de Simpson. O objetivo foi analisar o efeito da desigualdade, pobreza e desenvolvimento social na dinâmica populacional brasileira, verificando a ocorrência do paradoxo de Simpson na transição demográfica. Foram utilizados dados populacionais oriundos dos Censos Demográficos brasileiros de 1991 a 2010, segundo idade e unidades da federação. Foi avaliada a correlação entre os indicadores demográficos, estratificando das unidades da federação em grupos de acordo com os indicadores sociais. Há um avanço das unidades federativas (UF) com relação aos indicadores sociais. A transição vem ocorrendo em todas as UF, com persistência da distância entre elas, mesmo que com redução ao longo dos anos. Observou-se o paradoxo de Simpson quando a análise foi realizada segundo ano censitário e indicador social, principalmente para o ano de 1991. O principal desafio é compreender como a dinâmica demográfica brasileira pode ser analisada e compreender de que forma os fatores contextuais alteram seu ritmo, quantum e padrão.

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Resumo O Brasil experimenta uma transição demográfica marcada por desigualdades regionais. É possível supor que aspectos relacionados à pobreza, desenvolvimento e desigualdade possam reverter os efeitos de associação dos indicadores da transição demográfica, tipificando um fenômeno conhecido como Paradoxo de Simpson. O objetivo foi analisar o efeito da desigualdade, pobreza e desenvolvimento social na dinâmica populacional brasileira, verificando a ocorrência do paradoxo de Simpson na transição demográfica. Foram utilizados dados populacionais oriundos dos Censos Demográficos brasileiros de 1991 a 2010, segundo idade e unidades da federação. Foi avaliada a correlação entre os indicadores demográficos, estratificando das unidades da federação em grupos de acordo com os indicadores sociais. Há um avanço das unidades federativas (UF) com relação aos indicadores sociais. A transição vem ocorrendo em todas as UF, com persistência da distância entre elas, mesmo que com redução ao longo dos anos. Observou-se o paradoxo de Simpson quando a análise foi realizada segundo ano censitário e indicador social, principalmente para o ano de 1991. O principal desafio é compreender como a dinâmica demográfica brasileira pode ser analisada e compreender de que forma os fatores contextuais alteram seu ritmo, quantum e padrão.

Abstract Brazil is undergoing a demographic transition characterized by regional inequalities. It is reasonable to assume that aspects related to poverty, development and inequality might reverse the sign of the association of indicators of demographic transition, exemplifying a phenomenon known as Simpson's Paradox. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of inequality, poverty and social development on population dynamics in Brazil, verifying the occurrence of Simpson's paradox in demographic transition. We used population data from the 1991, 2000 and 2010 national censuses, broken down by age and federative unit (FU). The correlation between demographic indicators was assessed by stratifying the FUs into groups according to their median social indicators. The findings show that all FUs have progressed against social indicators and are undergoing demographic transition; however, despite reductions in disparities over the study period, persistent gaps exist between regions. Simpson's paradox was present when the analysis was carried out by census year and social indicators, and was particularly pronounced in 1991. The main challenge is to define how to analyze demographic dynamics in Brazil and understand how contextual factors alter the pace, quantum, and pattern of demographic transition.

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Abstract Background There is significant evidence of inequalities in the need for dental treatment, and their monitoring is essential for public health planning. Objective To measure the extent of the association between socioeconomic inequality and need for dental care. Method This study used data from the 2011 Survey of Oral Health Conditions, including a representative sample of adolescents (n=2,310) and adults (n=1,188) from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Need for dental treatment was evaluated according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Family income was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. The magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities related to the need for treatment was assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII). Results Among adolescents, the SII was -22.9% (95% CI -34.8; -11.0) and the estimated RII was 0.61 (95% CI 0.47; 0.79). Among adults, the SII was -28.0% (95% CI -39.8; -16.3) and the RII was 0.58 (95% CI 0.45; 0.74). Conclusion There are socioeconomic inequalities regarding the need for dental treatment, and individuals with lower family income present a higher prevalence of need.

Resumo Introdução As desigualdades na necessidade de tratamento odontológico têm sido consistentemente relatadas, sendo o monitoramento delas essencial para o planejamento da saúde pública. Objetivo Avaliar a magnitude da desigualdade socioeconômica relacionada à necessidade de atendimento odontológico. Método Utilizaram-se dados da Última Pesquisa de Condições de Saúde Bucal de Minas Gerais, realizada em 2011, com amostra representativa de adolescentes (n = 2.310) e adultos (n = 1.188). A necessidade de tratamento odontológico foi avaliada de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). A renda familiar foi utilizada como medida de posição socioeconômica. A magnitude das desigualdades socioeconômicas relacionadas à necessidade de tratamento foi avaliada por meio do Índice Absoluto de Desigualdades (IAD) e Índice Relativo de Desigualdades (IRD). Resultados Entre adolescentes, o IAD foi de -22,9% (IC95% -34,8; -11,0) e o IRD estimado em 0,61 (IC95% 0,47; 0,79). Entre adultos, o IAD foi de -28,0% (IC95% -39,8; -16,3) e IRD 0,58 (IC 95% 0,45; 0,74). Conclusão Existem desigualdades socioeconômicas relacionadas à necessidade de tratamento odontológico, sendo que indivíduos com menor renda familiar apresentam maior prevalência de necessidades.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between sleep disturbances and cardiovascular health in Brazilian adults. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from a nationally representative sample of 36,480 Brazilian adults ages 18 and over. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between sleep disturbances (difficulty falling asleep, frequent interruptions in sleep, or sleeping more than usual) and Life's Simple 7 (LS7) cardiovascular health (CVH) scores through consideration of four behaviors (smoking, physical activity, body mass index, and diet) and three biological factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes). RESULTS: Adults with no sleep disturbances had better CVH, with higher mean LS7 CVH scores (4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.1; 4.2) when compared to those experiencing some level of sleep disturbance within a 2-week timespan (3.8, 95% CI: 3.7; 3.8). Specifically, compared to those with no sleep disturbance, adults reporting sleep disturbances for half of the weekdays had significantly lower LS7 CVH mean scores (ß = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.04; 0.01). Adults who had disturbances more than half of the weekdays had even lower scores (ß = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.09; -0.02), followed by those who reported disturbances almost every day (ß = -0.08, 95% CI: -0.11; -0.04), even after adjusting for age, sex, education status, depressive symptoms, and night shift work. CONCLUSION: Brazilian adults with sleep disturbances are less likely to achieve ideal CVH. Given that sleep disturbances seem to be increasingly common in Brazil, recent gains in CVH mortality may be affected.

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To examine changes in body mass index (BMI) among older Brazilian adults and associated factors. Longitudinal, population-based study, conducted in São Paulo, Brazil. Adults aged 60 years or over (n = 1,796) from the first wave of data collection from the Health, Well-Being, and Aging Study (SABE Project) conducted from 2000 to 2010. Repeated mixed-effects linear regression was used to analyze longitudinal changes in BMI and to examine whether sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and social behaviors were associated with these changes. Mean BMI decreased after 70 years. Men had lower BMI than women (β = -1.86, 95%CI: -2.35; -1.37). Older adults who consumed alcohol (β = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.06; 0.54), had more than one chronic disease (β = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.26; 0.72) and who did not perform physical activity (β = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.38; 0.74) had higher BMI. Subjects who smoked (β = -0.40, 95%CI: -0.76; -0.04) and who reported having eaten less food in recent months (β = -0.48, 95%CI: -0.71; -0.24) had lower BMI. In older Brazilians, several sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and behaviors predict BMI. Increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and growing sedentary behaviors in Brazil may have detrimental effects on BMI at older ages.

O objetivo foi examinar alterações no índice de massa corporal (IMC) e fatores associados em idosos brasileiros. Este foi um estudo longitudinal, populacional, realizado em São Paulo, Brasil. Os participantes eram adultos com 60 anos ou mais (n = 1.796) da primeira onda da coleta de dados do Projeto Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Projeto SABE), realizada entre 2000 e 2010. Foi usada regressão linear de medidas repetidas de efeitos mistos para analisar as mudanças longitudinais no IMC e examinar a associação entre características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e comportamentos sociais e essas mudanças. O IMC médio diminuiu depois dos 70 anos de idade. Os homens tinham IMC mais baixo que as mulheres (β = -1,86, IC95%: -2,35; -1,37). Os idosos que consumiam álcool (β = 0,30, IC95%: 0,06; 0,54), com mais de uma doença crônica (β = 0,19, IC95%: 0,26; 0,72) e que não praticavam atividade física (β = 0,56, IC95%: 0,38; 0,74) tinham IMC mais alto. Idosos fumantes (β = -0,40, IC95%: -0,76; -0,04) e que relatavam menor consumo alimentar nos últimos meses (β = -0,48, IC95%: -0,71; -0,24) tinham IMC mais baixo. Entre os idosos brasileiros, diversas características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e comportamentos predizem o IMC. O aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas e de comportamentos sedentários no Brasil pode ter efeitos prejudiciais sobre o IMC nas idades mais avançadas.

El objetivo fue examinar cambios en el índice de masa corporal (IMC) entre adultos mayores brasileños y sus factores asociados. Estudio longitudinal de base poblacional, llevado a cabo en São Paulo, Brasil. Los participantes eran adultos con 60 años o más (n = 1.796) de la primera ronda de recogida de datos procedentes de la Encuesta sobre Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (Proyecto SABE), realizado entre 2000 y 2010. Se usó una regresión lineal mixta de efectos repetidos para analizar cambios longitudinales en el IMC, y examinar si las características sociodemográficas, condiciones de salud y comportamientos sociales estuvieron asociados con estos cambios. La media del índice de masa corporal decreció después de los 70 años. Los hombres tenían un índice de masa corporal más bajo que las mujeres (β = -1,86, IC95%: -2,35; -1,37). Los adultos mayores que consumieron alcohol (β = 0,30, 95%CI: 0,06; 0,54), tenían más de una enfermedad crónica (β = 0,19, IC95%: 0,26; 0,72) y quienes no realizaban ninguna actividad física (β = 0,56, IC95%: 0,38; 0,74) tenían un mayor índice de masa corporal. Los individuos que fumaban (β = -0.40, IC95%: -0,76; -0,04) y quienes informaron de haber comido menos en los últimos meses (β = -0,48, IC95%: -0,71; -0,24) tenían un índice de masa corporal más bajo. En los brasileños más viejos, diversas características sociodemográficas, condiciones de salud, y comportamientos predicen el índice de masa corporal. La prevalencia ascendente de enfermedades crónicas, así como los crecientes comportamientos sedentarios en Brasil pueden tener efectos perjudiciales en el índice de peso corporal en las edades más avanzadas.

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Abstract Background Walking devices and other forms of assistive technology (AT) can benefit older adults by supporting mobility and social interactions, but usage outside of high-income countries is generally low. Objective To examine the factors associated with AT use and whether AT use is associated with higher levels of social participation among older adults in Brazil. Method The 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey interviewed 23,815 individuals 60 years or older. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to examine AT use, including canes and walkers, to assist with walking and social participation. Results Among older adults with mobility difficulty, 34.0% (95% CI 31.2- 36.9) reported using AT. Prevalence of the use of AT for walking increases with age: 21.4% of those 60-69 years reported using AT while 58.5% of those 90 years or older did. AT was negatively associated with participation in social activities. Conclusion Our analyses focused on older adults with mobility limitations who need appropriate transportation and environment adaptations to engage socially. Contrary to studies in more developed countries, among Brazilians, AT use is negatively associated with social interactions. The resulting confinement seems to lead to social isolation.

Resumo Introdução Os dispositivos de tecnologia assistiva (TA) podem ajudar idosos na mobilidade e nas interações sociais, mas o uso fora de países de alta renda é geralmente baixo. Objetivo Analisar os fatores associados ao uso de TA e se o uso de TA está associado a níveis mais elevados de participação social entre idosos no Brasil. Método A Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS 2013 no Brasil entrevistou 23.815 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais. Análises descritivas e de regressão logística foram utilizadas para examinar a utilização de TA para auxiliar na mobilidade e participação social. Resultados Entre idosos com dificuldade de locomoção, 34,0% (95% IC 31,2-36,9) relataram uso de TA. A prevalência do uso de TA para se locomover aumenta com a idade: 21,4% dos 60-69 anos relataram usar TA enquanto a proporção aumenta para 58,5% entre os de 90 anos ou mais. Uso de TA está negativamente associado à participação em atividades sociais. Conclusão Entre idosos no Brasil com limitações de mobilidade que necessitam de adaptações adequadas de transporte e meio ambiente para engajar socialmente, o uso de TA foi associado negativamente às interações sociais. Esse resultado difere de estudos em países mais desenvolvidos.

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Multimorbidity among older adults increases with age. There are large socioeconomic differences across states in Brazil. We believe that estimates of healthy life expectancy differ according to poverty and income inequality status. The objective of the study is to describe patterns of life expectancy with multimorbidity with distinct levels of poverty and inequality in Brazil. We constructed life tables for Brazilian states and estimated the prevalence of multimorbidity for populations aged 60 and over, and divided the states into three groups according to poverty and inequality status and compare them. The group with high poverty and inequality lives fewer years with multimorbidity than the group with lower poverty and inequality. We believe this approach can be used to compare estimates between populations and to identify health inequalities within the country that require attention, optimizing resources, and planning interventions to improve population health, mainly through primary health care.

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O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar diferenças na expectativa de vida com e sem multimorbidade (duas ou mais condições crônicas) entre idosos nos estados brasileiros, segundo sexo e idade. Foram utilizados os dados de mortalidade do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e projeções populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para elaborar tábuas de vida para os estados, por sexo. Informação sobre a prevalência de multimorbidade foi obtida a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. A partir do método de Sullivan, estimaram-se a expectativa de vida com e sem multimorbidade e a proporção de anos vividos com multimorbidade. A amostra de idosos da PNS possuía um total de 11.697 entrevistados, cuja idade média foi de 70,08 anos (DP 0,09 ano). A proporção de anos a serem vividos com multimorbidade aumenta com a idade (53,6% aos 60 anos e 57,3% aos 75 anos). Mulheres possuem expectativa de vida maior do que os homens, mas convivem mais com multimorbidade. Aos 60 anos, as mulheres brasileiras esperam viver, em média, 13,5 anos com multimorbidade e os homens 8,3 anos. Constatou-se grande diferença na expectativa de vida com multimorbidade quando comparadas as unidades da federação, com amplitude de 8,2 a 14,2 anos (aos 60 anos de idade). É importante considerar estas diferenças na priorização de ações e grupos para intervenção em saúde pública.

This study aims to analyze differences in life expectancy with and without multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) among older adults in Brazilian states, according to sex and age. Data from the Mortality Information System and population projections from the Brazilian Bureau of Geography and Statistics were used to create life tables for all states by sex. Information on the prevalence of multimorbidity was obtained from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS). The Sullivan method was used to estimate life expectancy with and without multimorbidity and the proportion of expected life years with multimorbidity. The sample of older adults in the PNS included 11,697 subjects whose mean age was 70.08 years (SD ± 0.09). The proportion of expected years with multimorbidity increases with age (53.6% at age 60, and 57.3% at age 75). Women have higher life expectancy than men, but they live with multimorbidity more years. At age 60, Brazilian women expect to live, on average, 13.5 years with multimorbidity and men 8.3 years. There are major differences in life expectancy with multimorbidity across states - varying from 8.2 to 14.2 years (at age 60). It is important to consider these differences when defining priorities for public policies and public health interventions.

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar las diferencias en la esperanza de vida con y sin multimorbilidad (dos o más afecciones crónicas) entre las personas mayores en los estados brasileños, según el sexo y la edad. Utilizamos datos de mortalidad del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad y proyecciones de población del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística para desarrollar tablas de vida para los estados, por sexo. La información sobre la prevalencia de multimorbilidad se obtuvo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (SNP) de 2013. Utilizando el método Sullivan estimamos la esperanza de vida con y sin multimorbilidad y la proporción de años vividos con multimorbilidad. La muestra de personas mayores en el PNS tenía un total de 11.697 encuestados, cuya edad promedio era de 70,08 años (SD 0,09 años). La proporción de años a vivir con multimorbilidad aumenta con la edad (53,6 % a los 60 y 57,3 % a los 75 años). Las mujeres tienen una esperanza de vida más larga que los hombres, pero viven en mayor cantidad con multimorbilidad. A los 60 años, las mujeres brasileñas esperan vivir, en promedio, 13,5 años con multimorbilidad y los hombres, 8,3 años. Hubo una gran diferencia en la esperanza de vida con multimorbilidad cuando se compararon las unidades de la federación, que oscilaron entre 8,2 y 14,2 años (a los 60 años de edad). Es importante tener en cuenta estas diferencias al priorizar acciones y grupos para la intervención de salud pública.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Frailty is considered one of the major conditions faced by aging societies. Little has been reported about the effect of becoming frail on life expectancy among older adults in developing countries. The aim was to estimate total life expectancy and life expectancy with or without frailty by age, sex, and education among older adults in Brazil.Data and Methods: The study was developed based on information provided by the Health, Well-being, and Aging (SABE) Study. The sample included 1,399 older adults (≥60 years old) followed up from 2006 to 2010. Frailty status was classified according to the Fried criteria. Additional variables include age (in years), gender, and years of education. Estimates of total life expectancy, frailty-free life expectancy, and frailty life expectancy were obtained using the multistate life table method. RESULTS: At the baseline, the proportion of individuals with frailty was 13.7% and participants had, on average, 4.0 years of education. Men had more years of education than women (4.6 vs. 3.7, p < .001). Older adults with higher education live fewer years with frailty. Compared with older adults with no education, those with 6 years of education have higher frailty-free life expectancy. At age 70, men with no education expect to live 9.1 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.8, 10.4) without frailty compared with 10.6 years (95% CI = 9.4, 11.8) among those with 6 years of education. Among women age 70, frailty-free life expectancy reaches 11.7 years (95% CI = 10.6, 12.8) among those with no education, but 13.9 years (95% CI = 12.5, 15.3) among those with 6 years. IMPLICATIONS: Given the recent changes in educational achievement in Brazil, we believe that educational policies are powerful ways in addressing inequalities in healthy life expectancy. Public health policies aimed at avoiding the development of frailty among elderly at risk should be encouraged.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the differences in life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment (CI) by educational levels and sex in Brazil. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. SETTING: The sample was drawn from three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010) of the Health, Well-Being, and Aging Study (Saúde, bem-estar e envelhecimento; SABE) collected in São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 60 years and older (N = 2116). MEASUREMENTS: Educational levels were estimated in the baseline wave (2000), cognition was assessed in all waves, and mortality data were obtained through the state and municipal mortality system in Brazil. Interpolation of Markov chain methods was used to estimate life expectancy with and without CI by education and sex. RESULTS: Life expectancy without CI at the age of 60 years was 13.0 years among men with no education and 17.6 years among their counterparts with 8 years of schooling. On the other hand, life expectancy with CI was higher among men with no education than those with more education (3.2 and 0.6 years, respectively). Among 60-year-old women without education, life expectancy without CI reached 16.2 years, but it was considerably higher among more educated women (22.7 years). Life expectancy with CI reached 4.5 years among women aged 60 years with no education, vs 1.0 year among women with 8 years of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: Adults older than 60 years with no education live shorter lives and with longer periods of CI than those with education. Women in São Paulo live longer lives than men, but they live with CI for a greater number of years.

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BACKGROUND: Research on quality of life QOL is limited in Brazil and few studies have examined the association between smoking status and quality of life. This study addresses this gap and also examines the association between smoking, nicotine dependence, and duration of smoking cessation on (QOL) among older adults in an urban area in Brazil. METHODS: Data are from a household survey conducted in urban areas of Uberaba, Brazil, in 2012 (n = 980). Multivariable linear regressions were used to evaluate the association between smoking, nicotine dependence based on Fageström test, and smoking cessation on the World Health Organization Quality of Life WHOQOL-BREF and Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults WHOQOL-OLD. RESULTS: The mean age of older adults in the study was 74.0 (SD = 6.9 years) and 64% of participants were women. The majority, 55% had never smoked, 12.4% were current smokers, and 32.7% were past-smokers. Current smokers had lower scores for social participation (ß = - 2.6) and intimacy (ß = - 3.8) than never smokers. Smokers with high or very high dependence reported higher levels of fear and concern about death and pain before death than those with low or very low dependence (ß = - 10.6). However, smokers with medium levels of nicotine dependence had higher scores on social relationship. Longer cessation time was positively associated with higher scores for psychological health. CONCLUSIONS: Except for the positive association between medium levels of nicotine dependence and better social relationships, smoking and higher levels of nicotine dependence were associated with worse QOL among older adults in Brazil. Nonetheless, smoking cessation had positive effects in QOL. Campaigns targeting older adults should point to the negative impact of tobacco use on QOL and the benefits of smoking cessation.

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