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Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory medication, classically used to treat a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. More recently, colchicine has proven itself a key pharmacotherapy in cardiovascular disease (CVD) management, atherosclerotic plaque modification, and coronary artery disease (CAD) treatment. Colchicine acts on many anti-inflammatory pathways, which translates to cardiovascular event reduction, plaque transformation, and plaque reduction. With the FDA's 2023 approval of colchicine for reducing cardiovascular events, a novel clinical pathway opens. This advancement paves the route for CVD management that synergistically merges lipid lowering approaches with inflammation inhibition modalities. This pioneering moment spurs the need for this manuscript's comprehensive review. Hence, this paper synthesizes and surveys colchicine's new role as an atherosclerotic plaque modifier, to provide a framework for physicians in the clinical setting. We aim to improve understanding (and thereby application) of colchicine alongside existing mechanisms for CVD event reduction. This paper examines colchicine's anti-inflammatory mechanism, and reviews large cohort studies that evidence colchicine's blossoming role within CAD management. This paper also outlines imaging modalities for atherosclerotic analysis, reviews colchicine's mechanistic effect upon plaque transformation itself, and synthesizes trials which assess colchicine's nuanced effect upon atherosclerotic transformation.

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A 45-year-old man presented with nonspecific symptoms caused by a mass compressing the right ventricle. Cardiac computed tomography accurately predicted the operative and pathologic appearance of the mass, and the final diagnosis of an encapsulated cardiac hematoma was confirmed by pathologic examination. This condition is infrequent and mimics a cardiac tumor. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

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A 63-year-old woman presented with atypical chest pain after a third dose of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine. Serial cardiac troponin measurements were performed to evaluate the trajectory of her time-concentration curve which showed a typical myocarditis curve with rapid normalization. The diagnosis of myocarditis was confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and follow-up imaging showed resolution. All symptoms resolved with weeks.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions to the academic medicine community, including the cancellation of most medical and health professions conferences. In this Perspective, the authors examine both the short- and longer-term implications of these cancellations, including the effects on the professional development and advancement of junior faculty and learners. While the COVID-19 pandemic is new in 2020, impediments to conference attendance and participation are not. Cost, personal responsibilities at home, and clinical duties have always restricted attendance. The authors argue that the unprecedented hardships of this pandemic present a unique opportunity to reimagine how conferences can be conducted and to rethink what it means to be part of an academic community. While there are challenges with this digital transformation of academia, there are also undeniable opportunities: online abstracts and recorded presentations enable wider viewership, virtual sessions permit wider participation and greater interactivity, and the elimination of travel facilitates more diverse expert panel participation. The authors conclude with proposals for how conference organizers and participants can expand access by leveraging available distance learning technology and other virtual tools, both during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

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Introduction: Pediatric residents encounter issues related to school health (SH) throughout their training, particularly in their continuity clinics, and often serve as liaisons between a patient's medical home and school environment. However, there is currently a paucity of formal education on SH for pediatric residents to prepare them for this role. Methods: We created a 3-hour interactive learning conference that was delivered to four groups of six to eight pediatric residents during their intern year by a multidisciplinary team. Our curriculum focused on understanding the differences between individualized educational plans (IEPs), individualized health plans (IHPs), and 504 plans; the IEP process; and communication with schools. Residents were given pre- and postdidactic surveys, completed reflective writings, and participated in feedback sessions. Results: Twenty-seven pediatric interns completed the curriculum; 85% and 74% had improved knowledge of IEP/504/IHP and SH personnel, respectively. Eighty-five percent reported feeling comfortable with family conversations about accommodations postcurriculum versus 0% precurriculum. The majority of interns found the curriculum to be valuable to their clinic performance. Discussion: Our curriculum offers a unique multidisciplinary approach to teaching and can be easily integrated into other residency programs, even with limited protected didactic time.

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BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) is increasingly diagnosed in children in community settings. This study aims to assess recent antibiotic use and other risk factors in children with community-associated (CA-) CDAD compared with children with other diarrheal illnesses in a tertiary care setting. METHODS: Children with CA-CDAD evaluated at Texas Children's Hospital (Houston, TX) from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2013 were identified. Two control subjects with community-associated diarrhea who tested negative for C. difficile were matched to case subjects. Data on demographics, medication exposure and outpatient healthcare encounters were collected from medical records. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of pediatric CA-CDAD. RESULTS: Of 69 CA-CDAD cases, most (62.3%) had an underlying chronic medical condition and 40.6% had antibiotic exposure within 30 days of illness. However, no traditional risk factor for CDAD was identified in 23.2% and 15.9% of CA-CDAD cases within 30 and 90 days of illness onset, respectively. Outpatient healthcare encounters within 30 days were more common among CA-CDAD cases than control subjects (66.7% vs. 48.6%; P = 0.01). In the final multivariate model, CA-CDAD was associated with cephalosporin use within 30 days [odds ratio: 3.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.10-10.01] and the presence of a gastrointestinal feeding device (odds ratio: 2.59; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-6.30). CONCLUSIONS: Recent use of cephalosporins and the presence of gastrointestinal feeding devices are important risk factors for community- associated CDAD in children. Reduction in the use of outpatient antibiotics may decrease the burden of CA-CDAD in children.

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Several studies have found that the neuronal glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1/EAAC1 is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with a stronger association in males. Previous studies have primarily focused on common single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rather than rare functional variants that are likely to have larger effects. We screened 184 males with OCD for rare variation in SLC1A1 exons; however, no new coding variation was found. When combined with previous screens, only one SLC1A1 amino acid variant has been detected among the 841 individuals screened, which is less than for other neurotransmitter transporter genes (P=0.0001). We characterized the function of the one SLC1A1 missense variant reported previously in OCD, Thr164Ala, and found that the Ala164 allele leads to decreased Vmax and Km (P<0.0001) in transfected human embryonic kidney cells. Further work will be necessary to understand the impact of this rare SLC1A1/EAAC1 Ala164 variant on neuronal function and circuitry relevant to OCD.

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