RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To measure the energy content of frequently ordered meals from full service and fast food restaurants in five countries and compare values with US data. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. SETTING: 223 meals from 111 randomly selected full service and fast food restaurants serving popular cuisines in Brazil, China, Finland, Ghana, and India were the primary sampling unit; 10 meals from five worksite canteens were also studied in Finland. The observational unit was frequently ordered meals in selected restaurants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Meal energy content, measured by bomb calorimetry. RESULTS: Compared with the US, weighted mean energy of restaurant meals was lower only in China (719 (95% confidence interval 646 to 799) kcal versus 1088 (1002 to 1181) kcal; P<0.001). In analysis of variance models, fast food contained 33% less energy than full service meals (P<0.001). In Finland, worksite canteens provided 25% less energy than full service and fast food restaurants (mean 880 (SD 156) versus 1166 (298); P=0.009). Country, restaurant type, number of meal components, and meal weight predicted meal energy in a factorial analysis of variance (R2=0.62, P<0.001). Ninety four per cent of full service meals and 72% of fast food meals contained at least 600 kcal. Modeling indicated that, except in China, consuming current servings of a full service and a fast food meal daily would supply between 70% and 120% of the daily energy requirements for a sedentary woman, without additional meals, drinks, snacks, appetizers, or desserts. CONCLUSION: Very high dietary energy content of both full service and fast food restaurant meals is a widespread phenomenon that is probably supporting global obesity and provides a valid intervention target.
Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Energía , Comida Rápida/análisis , Análisis de los Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Comidas , Análisis de Varianza , Brasil , China , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Estudios Transversales , Análisis Factorial , Finlandia , Ghana , Humanos , India , Necesidades Nutricionales , Restaurantes , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The authors analyzed data from a trial assessing the efficacy of breastfeeding peer counseling (PC) for increasing exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to (1) examine whether different ethnic groups responded differently to the intervention and (2) document the determinants of EBF. At 2 months postpartum, the prevalence of EBF in the intervention group was 11.4% among Puerto Ricans compared to 44.4% among non-Puerto Ricans (P = .008). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that women who had the intention prenatally to engage in EBF were more likely to do so and those whose mothers lived in the United States were less likely to engage in EBF at hospital discharge. At 2 months postpartum, mothers who were breastfed as children were more likely to engage in EBF, whereas non-Puerto Ricans had a significantly greater response to the intervention than Puerto Ricans (odds ratio, 6.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-28.33). There is a need for further studies to determine why different ethnic groups respond differently to EBF promotion interventions.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna/etnología , Lactancia Materna/epidemiología , Consejo , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Grupo Paritario , Adulto , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Connecticut/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Puerto Rico/etnologíaAsunto(s)
Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Cooperativa , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Apoyo Social , Aculturación , Adolescente , Adulto , Lactancia Materna/psicología , Intervalos de Confianza , Connecticut , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Análisis Multivariante , Oportunidad Relativa , Puerto Rico/etnología , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
To examine reasons for not breastfeeding, and to identify factors associated with ever breastfeeding among Puerto Rican women, a retrospective study was done using a convenience sample of 161 low-income Latino women with children younger than 6 years. Women were recruited from the Hispanic Health Council (43.5%), the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (29.8%), and other places (26.7%). Participants were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire specific to the target community. Most (73%) of the respondents chose to be interviewed in Spanish. Chi-square analyses were used to examine the bivariate association between ever breastfeeding and the independent variables. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate the independent association between acculturation, social capital, and breastfeeding. Women with more social capital were more likely (odds ratio = 2.25, 95% confidence interval, 1.02-4.95) to have breastfed the index child, suggesting that social capital is an important predictor of breastfeeding initiation in this community.