RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy, a cornerstone treatment for childhood cancers, can negatively impact oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and evolution of oral complications in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study enrolled 44 children diagnosed with malignancy undergoing chemotherapy at a tertiary care institute in central India. Oral examinations were performed at baseline, with follow-ups at 3-6 and 9-12 months. Data collected included demographics, medical history, oral hygiene practices, and oral lesions. Blood counts and World Health Organization grading for mucositis were used. Descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests analyzed the data (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most prevalent malignancy. Children reported various oral complaints such as ulcers, bleeding gums, and difficulty eating. Mucositis prevalence significantly decreased over follow-up visits (baseline: 56.8% and second follow-up: 13.3%). Gingival inflammation was present, though mean scores decreased over time. Oral hygiene scores varied without significant changes. Caries experience scores increased from baseline to follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study identified a high prevalence of ALL and diverse oral complications in children undergoing chemotherapy. While mucositis severity lessened over time, other issues such as caries persisted. These findings highlight the critical need for preventive oral care strategies to safeguard this vulnerable population's oral health.