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INTRODUCTION: The advances in laparoscopic surgical technique and the greater experience of surgical teams have enabled the combination of different surgical techniques in a single procedure. This paper presents a case of a sleeve gastrectomy and a left adrenalectomy by laparoscopy for a morbidly obese patient with Cushing's syndrome. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 52 year-old male patient with a BMI of 53kg/m(2) was diagnosed as having Cushing's syndrome caused by a left adrenal tumor. Sleeve gastrectomy was performed according to the usual technique. The adrenalectomy was performed at the same time by a left supragastric approach. The evolution was favorable, with 52% of excess weight loss observed after six months. Plasma and urinary cortisol at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups were under normal range and the patient required glucocorticoid therapy, confirming the cure of Cushing's syndrome. DISCUSSION: Teams with experience of advanced laparoscopic surgery can successfully combine complex procedures in one surgical period. The approach we used for the adrenalectomy proved itself to be feasible after the sleeve gastrectomy. CONCLUSION: Both procedures can be safely done in experience teams. Sleeve gastrectomy facilitates the direct supragastric approach.

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The aim of our study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) a year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in age- and body mass index-matched women. In 33 morbidly obese women undergoing RYGB and 33 undergoing SG, plasma determinations of calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D3), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were made prior to and at 12 months after surgery. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed in all patients 1 year after surgery. BMD at the femoral neck and the lumbar spine 1 year after surgery was similar in women undergoing RYGB and SG (1.01 ± 0.116 vs. 1.01 ± 0.122 g/cm(2), p = 0.993; 1.05 ± 0.116 vs. 1.08 ± 0.123 g/cm(2), p = 0.384). The percentage of patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis was not different between groups. In the linear regression analysis, age (ß = -0.628, p = 0.034) and lean mass 12 months after surgery (ß = 0.424, p = 0.021) were found to be the main determinants of femoral neck BMD. Age (ß = -0.765, p = 0.025), menopause (ß = -0.898, p = 0.033), and lean mass (ß = 0.615, p = 0.023) were determinants of BMD at the lumbar spine. No influence was found between low bone mass and type of surgery, plasma PTH, 25(OH) D3, or IGF-I. The effect of RYGB and SG on BMD was comparable a year after surgery. Menopausal women were at a higher risk of having low bone mass, but the presence of osteoporosis was uncommon.

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Staphylococcus aureus, a major responsible microorganism of osteomyelitis, represents a challenge to treat because of the poor penetration of antibiotics in bone and increasing minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to glycopeptides. The calcium-deficient apatites (CDA), closer to the biological components found in bone and other calcified tissues, have osteoconductive properties. So, to process severe osseous infections, CDA can be used to deliver in the infectious site antibiotics like linezolid. The acute experimental osteomyelitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was induced in rabbit's femurs and surgery mimicking human procedures was performed at day three after inoculation. Animals were randomly assigned to treatment groups: L((IV)) [4-day linezolid IV infusion, human-equivalent dose of 10 mg/kg/12 h], L((CDA50%)) (100 mg CDA with linezolid 500 µg/mg) and L((CDA50%)) + L((IV)). Surviving bacteria were counted in bone marrow (BM) and bone (Bo) at day 3 (before treatment), day 7 (4-day treatment) or day 17 (14-day treatment). L(iv) was effective after a 4-day treatment with a log(10)CFU/g decrease of -2.63 ± 1.92 and -2.17 ± 1.58 in bone marrow and bone, respectively. CDA loaded with linezolid enhance the efficacy of the IV linezolid regimen by more than one log(10)CFU/g.

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Studies that evaluate the influence of gastric bypass (RYGP) on bone mass are limited to short-term follow-up. We analysed changes in bone mineral density (BMD) three years after surgery and evaluated the main determinants of the development of bone disease. Prospective study of 59 morbidly obese white women aged 46 ± 8 years. BMD scanning using DEXA and plasma determinations of calcium, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and insulin-like growth factor-I were made prior, at 12 months and 3 years after surgery. In the first postoperative year BMD decreased at femoral neck (FN) 10.2 % and in the lumbar spine (LS) 3.2 %, in the third year it additionally decreased 2.7 % and 3.1 %, respectively. BMD at both sites remained above the values of women of the same age. In the follow-up, 1.7 % developed osteoporosis at FN and 6.8 % at LS. Patients with bone disease were older, the percentage of women with menopause was greater in this group and had lower initial and final values of lean mass. The percentage of BMD loss at FN remained positively associated with the percentage of lean mass loss [ß 0.304, p=0.045], and menopause [ß 0.337, p=0.025]. Major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture risk was low even in menopausal patients (3.1 % and 0.40 %, respectively). After RYGP menopausal women and those with greater lean mass loss are at higher risk of BMD loss but progression to osteoporosis is uncommon and the risk of fracture is low.

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Daptomycin exhibits rapid bactericidal activity against Gram-positive organisms, including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Daptomycin in combination with rifampicin needs to be assessed in bone infection. An MRSA acute osteomyelitis model was used. Daptomycin and vancomycin were compared, alone or in combination with rifampicin, over 4 days. Surviving bacteria were counted in bone, bone marrow and joint fluid. Vancomycin and daptomycin as single therapies were ineffective, but both combinations were significantly more effective than the corresponding monotherapy. Combination of daptomycin and rifampicin could prevent S. aureus from developing resistance. This combination could be a useful alternative to treat MRSA osteomyelitis at an early stage.

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The antimicrobial activities of calcium-deficient apatite loaded with different concentrations (25, 100, and 500 microg/mg) of vancomycin as a filling biomaterial were evaluated in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) rabbit acute osteomyelitis model. Bacterial counts in bone, bone marrow, and joint fluid samples treated with forms of the apatite were compared to those in tissue samples receiving a constant intravenous vancomycin infusion after 4 days. This study demonstrates that using a calcium-deficient apatite loaded with vancomycin dramatically decreases the bacterial counts in bone and marrow.

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BACKGROUND: In patients undergoing gastric bypass, massive weight loss and impairment of calcium intake and absorption in the duodenum and proximal jejunum may increase the risk of bone mass loss and fractures. However, few data are available regarding the impact of this surgery on the skeleton. The aim of our study was to examine the skeletal changes in a cohort of morbidly obese Caucasian women during the first year after gastric bypass and to analyse the factors implicated in the development of bone loss. METHODS: Sixty-two morbidly obese white women aged 45.3 +/- 8.9 years were studied. Anthropometric measurements, bone mineral density (BMD) screening using dual-energy X- ray absorptiometry and plasma determinations of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D(3)] and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were made prior to and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: A year after surgery, BMD significantly decreased at the femoral neck (10.2 +/- 5.7%) and at the lumbar spine (3.2 +/- 4.4%). In the follow-up, 16.1% of women had osteopenia at the femoral neck and 19.3% at the lumbar spine, and 1.6% developed osteoporosis at the lumbar spine. Patients with bone disease were significantly older; the percentage of women with menopause was greater in this group and had lower initial and final values of lean mass. However, no differences in body mass index, weight loss, fat mass, calcium, PTH, 25(OH) D(3) or IGF-I values were found between groups. In the logistic regression analysis, lean mass 12 months after surgery and menopause were found to be the main determinants of osteopenia after adjusting for age with odds ratios of 0.82 and 9.13, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant BMD loss at the femoral neck and lumbar spine a year after gastric bypass. Menopausal patients and those with greater lean mass loss are at greater risk and, consequently, should be closely followed up with periodic densitometries.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze factors related to morbidity and mortality after gastric bypass and to evaluate lower-risk alternatives in selected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort of 761 patients who underwent gastric bypass was included. Prognostic factors were studied using a logistic regression model with SPSS 11.0. Independent variables were age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, and the laparoscopic approach. Dependent variables consisted of medical complications, surgical complications, and mortality. We performed a preliminary descriptive study of morbidity and weight loss at 3 months after sleeve gastrectomy. RESULTS: In the postoperative period, 2.8% of patients presented medical complications and 5.4% presented surgical complications. Mortality was 0.52%. Surgical complications were significantly associated with age > 45 years (P = .04; OR = 2.00 [1.03-3.8]) and male sex (P = .041; OR = 2.40 [1.12-5.14]). Medical complications were significantly associated with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2 (P = .012; OR = 3.32 [1.23-8.98]), and mortality was significantly associated with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2 (P = .006) and male sex (P = .006). Sleeve gastrectomy was performed in eight patients with a BMI of > 60 kg/m2, in three patients with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2, cardiopulmonary disease and android fat distribution, and in four patients with a BMI of between 35 and 40 kg/m2 and major comorbidity. Morbidity consisted of self-limited febrile syndrome in one patient. There was no mortality. Weight loss at 3 months was 39.8 +/- 5.36% of excess BMI in superobese patients (n = 4) and was 50.2 +/- 11.05% of excess BMI in morbidly obese patients (n = 4). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative morbidity and mortality was significantly higher in male patients, in patients aged more than 45 years, and in those with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2. Sleeve gastrectomy in selected patients could be a lower-risk alternative.

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Introducción. El objetivo fue estudio ha sido evaluar factores relacionados con la morbimortalidad tras el bypass gástrico y considerar alternativas de menor riesgo en pacientes seleccionados. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluye una cohorte prospectiva de 761 pacientes a los que se realizó bypass gástrico. Se realiza un estudio de factores pronósticos mediante el modelo de regresión logística con SPSS 11.0. Las variables independientes fueron edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal (IMC), comorbilidades, abordaje laparoscópico; las variables dependientes fueron complicaciones médicas, complicaciones quirúrgicas y mortalidad. Es un estudio preliminar descriptivo de morbilidad y resultados ponderales a 3 meses con gastroplastia tubular. Resultados. En el postoperatorio el 2,8% de los pacientes presentó complicaciones médicas y el 5,4%, complicaciones quirúrgicas. La mortalidad fue del 0,52%. Las variables que han presentado relación estadísticamente significativa con las complicaciones quirúrgicas fueron la edad > 45 años (p = 0,04; odds ratio [OR] = 2,00; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,03-3,8) y el sexo masculino (p = 0,041; OR = 2,40; IC del 95%, 1,12-5,14). Las variables presentaron relación estadísticamente significativa con las con las complicaciones médicas fueron: IMC > 50 kg/m2 (p = 0,012; OR = 3,32; IC del 95%, 1,23-8,98); con la mortalidad: IMC > 50 kg/m2 (p = 0,006), el sexo masculino (p = 0,006). Se ha realizado gastroplastia tubular en pacientes con IMC > 60 kg/m2 (8 casos); IMC > 50 kg/m2 con afección cardiopulmonar y morfología androide (3 casos); IMC entre 35 y 40 kg/m2 y comorbilidad mayor (4 casos); con la morbilidad: síndrome febril autolimitado. No hubo mortalidad. En superobesos el descenso del 39,8 ± 5,36% del exceso de IMC en 3 meses (n = 4); en obesos mórbidos un descenso del 50,2 ± 11,05% del exceso del IMC en 3 meses (n = 4). Conclusiones. La morbimortalidad postoperatoria fue significativamente mayor en los varones, mayores de 45 años y con IMC > 50 kg/m2.La gastroplastia tubular en pacientes seleccionados podría ser una alternativa de menor riesgo (AU)

Introduction. The aim of this study was to analyze factors related to morbidity and mortality after gastric bypass and to evaluate lower-risk alternatives in selected patients. Patients and methods. A prospective cohort of 761 patients who underwent gastric bypass was included. Prognostic factors were studied using a logistic regression model with SPSS 11.0. Independent variables were age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, and the laparoscopic approach. Dependent variables consisted of medical complications, surgical complications, and mortality. We performed a preliminary descriptive study of morbidity and weight loss at 3 months after sleeve gastrectomy. Results. In the postoperative period, 2.8% of patients presented medical complications and 5.4% presented surgical complications. Mortality was 0.52%. Surgical complications were significantly associated with age > 45 years (P=.04; OR = 2.00 [1.03-3.8]) and male sex (P=.041; OR = 2.40 [1.12-5.14]). Medical complications were significantly associated with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2 (P=.012; OR = 3.32 [1.23-8.98]), and mortality was significantly associated with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2 (P=.006) and male sex (P=.006). Sleeve gastrectomy was performed in eight patients with a BMI of > 60 kg/m2, in three patients with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2, cardiopulmonary disease and android fat distribution, and in four patients with a BMI of between 35 and 40 kg/m2 and major comorbidity. Morbidity consisted of self-limited febrile syndrome in one patient. There was no mortality. Weight loss at 3 months was 39.8 ± 5.36% of excess BMI in superobese patients (n = 4) and was 50.2 ± 11.05% of excess BMI in morbidly obese patients (n = 4). Conclusions. Postoperative morbidity and mortality was significantly higher in male patients, in patients aged more than 45 years, and in those with a BMI of > 50 kg/m2. Sleeve gastrectomy in selected patients could be a lower-risk alternative (AU)

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FUNDAMENTO: Se ha propuesto que en el origen del trastorno por déficit de la atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) se encuentra implicada la interacción de factores genéticos y ambientales. Entre estos últimos, se han considerado las complicaciones durante el embarazo y el parto como probables factores de riesgo asociados al TDAH. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se valoraron la historia perinatal y los antecedentes heredofamiliares de ambos padres biológicos de un grupo de pacientes con un rango de edad de 4 a 17 años diagnosticados por medio de la entrevista estructurada MINI-KID como TDAH puros (n = 18), TDAH comórbido con diversas enfermedades (n = 26), pacientes con otras afecciones diferentes al TDAH (n = 28) y controles sanos (n = 18). RESULTADOS: Se observó una mayor frecuencia de complicaciones durante el parto, como rotura prematura de membranas, trabajo de parto prolongado, circular de cordón y la aplicación de la maniobra de Kristeller en pacientes con TDAH comórbido y con otras enfermedades en comparación con los sujetos sanos. Adicionalmente, se observó una mayor frecuencia de antecedentes heredofamiliares de enfermedades psiquiátricas en los 3 grupos de pacientes en comparación con los controles sanos. Al controlar el efecto de estas variables entre sí se observó que los antecedentes psiquiátricos heredofamiliares ejercían una mayor influencia que las complicaciones natales. CONCLUSIONES: La interacción entre las complicaciones natales y los antecedentes psiquiátricos heredofamiliares tiene un efecto considerable en el origen del TDAH y en otras enfermedades diferentes a ésta (AU)

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The use of dynamic compaction and isostatic compression to consolidate calcium phosphate powder loaded with a therapeutic agent avoids a sintering step that could destroy the drug. The present study applied these consolidation methods to vancomycin-loaded calcium-deficient apatite powder, using three granulometric fractions (40-80, 80-200 and 200-500 micrometer). In vitro release profiles were determined via an original system derived from low-pressure liquid chromatography. The biological activity of vancomycin was measured by an in vitro standardized bacteriologic assay, which showed that the drug is completely active after association with calcium phosphate. Regardless of the consolidation method and granulometric fraction used, release profiles were not significantly different and therefore adaptable to injectable suspensions.

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After studying a bisexual male with a clinical picture suggestive of AIDS a positive ELISA test for antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), but negative results on indirect immunofluorescence testing, as well, as absence of core and envelope HIV antibodies by ELISA, and who later turned out to have Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) which become asymptomatic on corticosteroid therapy, we decided to test 70 patients with SLE for HIV antibodies. Four of them (5.6%) were positive by ELISA, but on a repeated test only 2 (2.8%) remained positive, and their sera was tested by indirect immunofluorescence. They were negative, as was the ELISA test for core and envelope HIV antibodies. We conclude that the possibility of more such cases, of SLE mimicking AIDS, should be kept in mind, including the occurrence of false positive ELISA tests in such patients.

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Studies in other countries have demonstrated that properly worn seatbelts dramatically reduce the likelihood and seriousness of injuries in motor vehicle accidents. However, in the western region of Mexico, they are very rarely worn, due to the erroneous belief that its use does not protect, and may even harm its wearer. In order to ascertain its benefit or lack of it, we undertook a survey, comparing the degree of severity of lesions sustained, as well as the mortality, between a group of 15 patients who wore seatbelts and another of 35 patients who did not wear them; all patients were treated at the Emergency Room of the Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico de Occidente, after suffering car accidents. Among the first group, only one patient required hospitalization and there were no deaths. In the second group, all 35 patients had to be hospitalized, eight had sequelae and nine died. We conclude that seatbelts effectively protect the wearer against death and limit the severity of the injuries suffered during car accidents. We propose that educational campaigns to convince the public as to the benefits of its use should be carried out, and after a reasonable interval its use should be mandated by law.

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A retrospective study of 85 children with non-Hodgkin' s lymphoma diagnosed and treated in the period of 1963-1974 was undertaken to asses clinical characteristics, pronostic factors and survival. This malignancy was more frequent in males between ages 3 and 4. The histopathologic diagnosis revealed a lymphosarcoma lymphoblastic predominance (77.6%). The clinical extent at diagnosis was 14% for stage I disease, 48% for stage II, 10.6% for stage III and 38.4% for stage IV. The sites of origen were gastrointestinal tract, peripheral lymph nodes, mediastinum, Waldeyer's ring and extralymphatic sites. Leukemic picture developed in 20 children (23.5%) and central nervous system involvement occurred in 19 (23.3%). Survival was not dependant on age or sex. The prognostic value of the histologic type could not be clearly established in the present series. Survival was correlated with clinical stage and anatopmic presentation. The overall 5-year survival was 29%; survival prior to 1968 was 9% compared with 41% for children treated from 1968 to 1974. We conclude that the survival improvement in recent years is dependant on an aggressive multimodal therapeutic approach. Survival of children treated with this procedure reached 52%, compared to 25% for children who received a single agent therapy.

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From 1965 to 1975, eighty-four girls with ages from 6 days to 14 years were operated at 10 pediatric hospitals in our country. There were 65 cases of primary neoplasias of the ovary, 15 with functional cysts and 4 unclassified because of hemorrhagic necrosis. Fifty-two patients showed germe cells tumors, in 9 were epithelial, 2 tumors of the gonadal stroma and 2 were classified in a miscelaneous group. The mild cystic teratoma was the tumor most frequently found (73.8%). In 75% of the patients, the pre-operative diagnosis was correctly made. In 10.7% of the girls, the tumors were malignant. These tumors were treated with surgery alone or combined with radiations and chemotherapy. Out of the seven malignant cases, 5 have followed a favorable course of periods from 3 to 9 years.

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Hemos realizado una revisión de la hernia inguinal en el niño, especialmente con respecto a la embriogénesis, anatomía normal y patológica y la sintomatología.....(AU)

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