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The immobilization of bacteria cells has shown to be an efficient technology to improve cell viability. This study used lyophilized and pulverized coffee pulp (LPC) and LPC functionalized with theobromine at two concentrations, 3.1 w/w and 2.4 w/w named as LPF1 and LPF2, respectively, to immobilize Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 cells (biomaterials) and increase the viability of the cell at storage and gastrointestinal conditions. To characterize the biomaterials, SEM, Dynamic Light Scattering, TGA, , FTIR and Isoeletrc Point measurements (or zeta potential measurements) were carried out. To evaluate the effectiveness of immobilization, cell viability as a function of storage time and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was evaluated. Regarding the characterization of the materials, the particle sizes were 21.7 to 334.4 nm and they experienced mass losses of less than 10% at 100 °C. The FTIR indicated the presence of functional groups related to caffeine, chlorogenic acid, sucrose, arabinogalactans, carbohydrates, and proteins in all biomaterials. The sorption kinetic parameters showed an adsorptive capacity between 3.0 × 109 and 8.0 × 109 CFU/g, being LPF1 the best materials to immobilize the cells, associated with LPF1 surface properties. The viability was higher for immobilized cells than for free cells, when left in storage and under simulated gastric conditions. Finally, the biomaterials could be used in the preparation of probiotic diets based on lactobacilli. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the use of waste from coffee agribusiness to develop probiotic biocarriers which opens up possibilities for future developments.

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This study investigated the effect of different storage temperatures (35-55 °C) on the bioactive substances and antioxidant properties of Hyeronima macrocarpa berries loaded on nanocellulose. NC was extracted from banana pseudo-stems and presented an interesting surface and porosity properties. The acidified ethanol extract showed better anthocyanin extraction (1317 mg C3G eq./100 g FW) and was used for the preparation of the powdered product, which presented an intense and uniform magenta color, with CIELAB parameters of L* = 59.16, a* = 35.61, and b* = 7.08. The powder exhibited significant stability at storage temperatures of 35 and 45 °C, in which there was no significant loss of anthocyanins or a decrease in antioxidant capacity. In addition, the color was stable for up to 4 months without adding any preservative agent. The anthocyanin-rich extract of H. macrocarpa reached an estimated shelf-life of 315 days (stored at 35 °C), as a result of the impregnation process between the extract and NC, with the ability to protect the bioactives from degradation, due to NC surface properties.

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RESUMEN Las necesidades de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), se incrementan en la mujer gestante para el desarrollo visual y neurológico del feto y el lactante. En este trabajo, se desarrolló y se evaluó un yogur adicionado con aceite de microalgas, que contribuyera a la recomendación dietaria de DHA en mujeres gestantes y lactantes. Se diseñaron tres formulaciones de yogur con 0,075; 0,125 y 0,175% de aceite de microalga y se compararon con una muestra control. Se evaluaron propiedades fisicoquímicas, sensoriales, microbiológicas, perfil de ácidos grasos, potencial antioxidante (ABTS, fenoles totales) y peroxidación lipídica (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]). Los yogures adicionados con el aceite de microalga cubrieron en 30, 45 y 63% las recomendaciones de DHA para mujeres gestantes y lactantes por porción (200 mL). Se observó estabilidad del ácido graso, excepto en la muestra de mayor adición del aceite. La muestra con adición de 0,125% de aceite de microalga fue la de mejor calificación por el panel sensorial. Todas las muestras cumplieron con el estándar microbiológico y fisicoquímico para un yogur entero adicionado con dulce. Se observó potencial antioxidante promisorio en el yogur, capaz de proteger el DHA. Se concluye que las bebidas lácteas como el yogur son matrices adecuadas para la adición de aceite de microalga con la finalidad de aumentar el DHA en la dieta, especialmente en etapas en que las necesidades de este componente son más altas, como en periodo de gestación y lactancia.

ABSTRACT The needs for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are increased during pregnancy for the visual and neurological development of the fetus and the breastfed infant. In this study, a yogurt with microalgae oil added to contribute to the dietary recommendation of DHA in pregnant and breastfeeding women was developed and evaluated. Three yogurt formulations were designed with 0.075; 0.125 and 0.175 microalgae oil percentage and compared with a control sample. Fatty acid profile, antioxidant potential (ABTS, total phenols), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbitrical acid reactive substances [TBARS]), physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological properties were evaluated. Yogurts with microalgae oil added covered 30, 45 and 63% of DHA recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women per portion (200 mL). Fat acid stability was observed, except in the one with the greatest oil addition. The sample with 0.125% of microalgae oil added was rated the highest by the sensory panel. All samples met the microbiological and physicochemical standard for a whole yogurt added with sugar. Promising antioxidant potential capable of protecting DHA was observed in the yogurt. We conclude that dairy drinks such as yogurt are suitable matrices for adding microalgae oil in order to increase DHA in the diet, especially in stages where the needs of this component are higher as is the case during pregnancy and lactation periods.

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Background: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world's most consumed fruit, and it is also a rich source of antioxidants that may prevent oxidative stress. Objectives: This study aimed to determine if mango (cv. Azúcar) juice can improve the antioxidant status of healthy individuals with low consumption of vegetables and fruit. Methods: This was a cross-over single-blind study carried out with 16 healthy individuals for 73 days. Participants were randomly assigned to either a mango juice period or a placebo period. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, mangiferin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione, and 8 hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels were determined in plasma. Results: Plasma antioxidant activity was significantly higher in the juice consumption period than the placebo consumption period; however, total phenolic content, total glutathione, TBARS, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels did not show significant differences between juice period and placebo period. Mangiferin was detected in every participant after juice consumption. Conclusions: Mango (cv. Azúcar) juice daily consumption improves plasma antioxidant capacity.

Antecedentes: El mango (Mangifera indica L.) es una de las frutas más consumidas en el mundo y también es una fuente rica en antioxidantes los cuales pueden prevenir el estrés oxidativo. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el mango (c.v Azúcar) puede mejorar el estado antioxidante de individuos sanos con un bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cruzado, simple-ciego en 16 individuos sanos durante 73 días. Los participantes fueron asignados aleatoriamente al período del consumo del jugo o del placebo. Se determinó el contenido fenólico total, la capacidad antioxidante y los niveles de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbiturico (TBARS), mangiferina, glutatión total y 8-hidroxi-guanosina, en el plasma obtenido de los participantes. Resultados: La capacidad antioxidante en plasma fue mayor en el período del consumo del jugo en comparación con el período del consumo del placebo; sin embargo, el contenido fenólico total, y los niveles de glutation total, 8-hidroxideoxiguanosina y TBARS no mostraron diferencias significativas entre el período del jugo y el período del placebo. La mangiferina se detectó en todos los individuos después del consumo del jugo. Conclusiones: El consumo diario de jugo de mango variedad Azúcar mejora la capacidad antioxidante en plasma.

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Background:Vaccinium meridionale produces fruits with a high content of anthocyanins and polyphenols with great antioxidant capacity. Objective: produce vinegar from V. meridionale alcoholic beverages and to determine the content of bioactive antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cells. Methods: Wine and vinegar samples were obtained by fermentation of V. meridionale berries juice, using three extractive processes: mechanical maceration (MAC), preheating to 80°C (CAL) and a combination of both (MIX). During acetic fermentation, titratable acidity and acetic acid content were evaluated. Fermentation progress was recorded and compared by measuring the antioxidant potential by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC. Polyphenols, anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids were quantified. Finally, the antiproliferative activity of vinegar was evaluated in SW480 colon cancer cells. Results: In acetic fermentation, yield and productivity were independent of extraction, indicating that they do not affect the biotransformation of alcohol into vinegar. The alcoholic beverages showed the highest antioxidant activity; after acetic fermentation, a decrease in antioxidant potential was observed in all three extractive processes evaluated. The different vinegar obtained by CAL and MIX, showed the highest values of antioxidant activity, polyphenols, and anthocyanins. The inhibition of the antiproliferative activity of vinegar was dose-dependent and showed an IC50 of 536 µg/mL. Conclusions: The vinegar prepared from V. meridionale berries presented an outstanding antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. The reason is the contents of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant power, which may contribute to chemoprevention in secondary cancer prevention.

Antecedentes: Vaccinium meridionale produce frutos con alto contenido en antocianinas y polifenoles con elevada capacidad antioxidante. Objetivo: Producir vinagre a partir de bebidas alcohólicas de V. meridionale y determinar el contenido de compuestos bioactivos antioxidantes, capacidad antioxidante y actividad citotóxica sobre células de cáncer colorrectal. Métodos: Muestras de Vino y vinagre fueron obtenidas mediante fermentación del jugo de V. meridionale, usando tres procesos extractivos: maceración mecánica (MAC), precalentamiento a 80 °C (CAL) y una combinación de ambos (MIX). En la fermentación acética fueron evaluadas la acidez titulable y el contenido de ácido acético. Se registró y comparó la evolución de la fermentación midiendo el potencial antioxidante por DPPH, FRAP y ORAC. Se cuantificaron los polifenoles, antocianinas y ácidos hidroxicinámicos. Finalmente, la actividad antiproliferativa del vinagre fue evaluada en células de cáncer de colon SW480. Resultados: En la fermentación acética, el rendimiento y la productividad fueron independientes de la extracción indicando que no afectan la biotransformación del alcohol en vinagre. Las bebidas alcohólicas mostraron la mayor actividad antioxidante, después de la fermentación acética se observó una disminución del potencial antioxidante en los tres procesos extractivos evaluados. Los vinagres obtenidos por CAL y MIX, presentaron los mayores valores de actividad antioxidante, polifenoles y antocianinas. La inhibición de la actividad antiproliferativa del vinagre fue dosis dependiente y mostró un IC50 de 536 µg/mL. Conclusiones: El vinagre preparado a partir de bayas de V. meridionale presentó una excelente actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa debido al contenido de compuestos bioactivos y poder antioxidante que puede contribuir a la quimioprevención en la prevención secundaria del cáncer.

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El Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz), es una baya que posee alta capacidad antioxidante debido a su contenido de compuestos polifenólicos como antocianinas, ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición proximal inicial y el efecto en las características fisicoquímicas (pH, °Brix, acidez titulable (AT)), actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa de néctares elaborados a partir de agraz liofilizado, almacenados du- rante 42 días. Se prepararon dos néctares: NA (sacarosa) y NB (aspartame), se evaluó cambio en pH, °Brix y AT cada7días durante el almacenamiento. Se determinó contenido de fenoles y antocianinas totales mediante Folin-Ciocalteau y método diferencial de pH, respectivamente, actividad antioxidante mediante FRAP y ORAC. Se analizó la actividad antiproliferativa con sulforodamina B en células SW480 (adenocarcinoma de colon). Los resultados mostraron que ambos néctares presentaron estabilidad en °Brix, pH yAT y el NB presentó menor aporte calórico. El contenido de fenoles totales aumentó durante el almacenamiento. El contenido de antocianinas y capacidad antioxidante se redujo significativamente (p<0,05). NA presentó mejor actividad antiproliferativa a las 72h, con un porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento celular a una concentración de 1g/mL de 63,50% (IC50=0,6g/mL). Se puede concluir que NA presentó mayor capacidad antiproliferativa y NB mejor actividad antioxidante, que aunque disminuyó significativamente durante el almacenamiento, continuó siendo alta comparada con estudios reportados en la literatura. Para productos realizados a partir de bayas del género Vaccinium. Se requieren estudios adicionales “in vivo” que permitan comprobar su eficacia quimiopreventiva y dilucidar mecanismos moleculares de acción para beneficio de la salud humana, demostrando su potencial funcional descrito hasta ahora “in vitro”(AU)

Effect of storage time on the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antiproliferative nectar of unripe (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz). Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a berry that has high antioxidant capacity due to its content of polyphenolic compounds as anthocyanins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial proximal composition and the effect on the physicochemical characteristics (pH, ° Brix, titratable and acidity (TA), antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of nectars made from unripe lyophilized and stored for 42 days. Two nectars were prepared: NA (sucrose) and NB (aspartame), was evaluated change in pH, °Brix and AT every 7 days during storage. It was determined and total phenols content by Folin-Ciocalteu anthocyanins and pH differential method, respectively, antioxidant activity by FRAP and ORAC. Antiproliferative activity with sulforhodamine B in SW480 cells (colon adenocarcinoma) were analyzed. The results showed that both were stable nectars ° Brix, pH and changes in AT. The NB has lower calories. The content of total phenols increased during storage. The anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity was significantly reduced (p <0.05). NA presented better antiproliferative activity at 72 h, with a percentage of inhibition of cell growth at a concentration of 1g / ml of 63.50% (IC50 = 0.6 g/mL). It can be concluded that NA had a higher antiproliferative capacity and NB better antioxidant activity than even decreased significantly during storage, remained high com- pared to studies reported in the literature. Further studies "in vivo" to verify their chemopreventive efficacy and elu- cidate molecular mechanisms of action for the benefit of human health, showing their functional potential described so far "in vitro" are required(AU)

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Antecedentes: Agraz es una baya globosa, de color púrpura intenso cuando está madura. Posee alta capacidad antioxidante comparada con bayas del mismo género, atribuido al contenido de compuestos polifenólicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la composición, actividad antioxidante y algunos parámetros microbiológicos de pulpa de agraz congelada (PAC) y pulpa de agraz liofilizada (PAL) y analizar su comportamiento durante 60 días de almacenamiento. Métodos: Se midieron pH, °Brix, acidez titulable, % humedad, cenizas, grasa, proteína, carbohidratos, calorías totales y actividad acuosa a intervalos de 15 días durante el almacenamiento. En las mismas condiciones se determinó el contenido de fenoles y antocianinas totales mediante Folin-Ciocalteau y método diferencial de pH, respectivamente. La actividad antioxidante mediante FRAP y ORAC. Resultados: no presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p>0,05) durante el almacenamiento en pH, °Brix, aw (liofilizado), % humedad, grasa, cenizas, carbohidratos y calorías totales para PAC y PAL, indicando estabilidad de éstas variables a través del tiempo de almacenamiento. La acidez titulable expresada en mg de ácido cítrico/ml, varió significativamente (p < 0,05) a través del tiempo de almacenamiento para PAC y PAL entre 1,65-1,82 y 4,66-4,79 respectivamente. La proteína varió durante el almacenamiento para PAC y PAL entre 1,25-2,10 g y 4,70-5,20 g, y se observó para ambos un aumento significativo entre el día 15 y 60 de almacenamiento. PAC y PAL presentaron pérdidas significativas del contenido de antocianinas, fenoles totales y valor FRAP durante el almacenamiento; sin embargo la PAL conservó hasta el día 60 alto contenido de fenoles totales: 1046 mg eq de ácido gálico/100g), antocianinas totales: 82,64 (mg eq de cianidin-3-glicosido/100g), capacidad reductora (FRAP): 1032,17 mg de equivalentes de ácido ascórbico/100g y valor ORAC 33935 µmol de equivalentes de Trolox/100g. Conclusión: las variables fisicoquímicas analizadas en la PAL fueron estables y se conservó el contenido de compuestos polifenólicos por mayor tiempo comparado con la PAC. Considerando que el agraz tiene dos temporadas de cosecha al año en Colombia (mayo y diciembre), la liofilización es una estrategia que permitirá al productor abastecimiento constante de la fruta para el mercado.

Background: Andean berry is a globose berry, deep purple when it reaches its highest degree of maturity. It fruit has a high antioxidant capacity compared to other Vaccinum berries, attributed to the content of polyphenolic compounds. Objectives: To evaluate the composition, antioxidant activity and some microbiological parameters of frozen pulp of Andean berry (PAC) and freeze-dried pulp of Andean berry (PAL) and analyze their behavior during 60 days of storage. Methods: the variables pH, ° Brix, titratable acidity, % moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, total calories and water activity (lyophilized) were measured at intervals of 15 days during storage. Under the same conditions the content of phenols and total anthocyanins by Folin-Ciocalteu and pH differential method respectively was determined. The antioxidant activity by FRAP and ORAC. Results: There were no significant differences (p>0,05) during storage in pH, ° Brix, Aw (lyophilized), % moisture, fat, ash, carbohydrates and total calories for PAC and PAL indicating stability of these variables over time storage. Titratable acidity expressed in mg citric acid/ ml, varied significantly p (<0.05) over time storage for PAC and PAL between 1.65 to 1.82 and 4.66 to 4.79 respectively. The protein varied during storage for PAC and PAL between 1.25 to 2.10 g and 4.70 to 5.20 g, and was observed for both a significant increase between day 15 and 60 of storage. PAC and PAL showed significant losses of anthocyanins, total phenols and FRAP value during storage; however the PAL retained until day 60 high content of total phenols: 1046 (mg gallic eq/100 g acid), anthocyanins: 82.64 (mg eq of cyanidin-3-glucoside/100g), reducing capacity (FRAP): 1032.17 mg ascorbic acid equivalents /100 g and ORAC value 33935 umol equivalents Trolox/100g. Conclusions: physicochemical variables analyzed in the PAL were stable and content of polyphenolic compounds retained for longer compared to PAC. Whereas Andean berry has two growing seasons a year in Colombia (May and December), freezedried is a strategy that will allow the producer constant supply of fruit on the market.

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