RESUMEN

The urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been related to environmental changes, migration, interaction and spread of sylvatic reservoirs and infected dogs to areas with no transmission, and adaptation of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to the peridomiciliary environment. From 1980 to 2005, Brazil recorded 59,129 cases of visceral leishmaniasis, 82.5% of which in the Northeast region. Visceral leishmaniasis gradually spread to other regions of the country: in 1998 these other regions reported 15% of all cases, but by 2005 this proportion had increased to 44%. From 1998 to 2005, indigenous cases were reported in 1,904 different municipalities of the country (34.2%). Reservoir and vector control pose major challenges for disease control, since there is a need for better knowledge of vector behavior in urban areas, and control activities involve high operational costs. In recent years the Brazilian Ministry of Health has supported research on the laboratory diagnosis of infection and disease in humans and dogs, treatment of patients, evaluation of the effectiveness of control strategies, and development of new technologies that could contribute to the surveillance and control of visceral leishmaniasis in the country.

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RESUMEN

The urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been related to environmental changes, migration, interaction and spread of sylvatic reservoirs and infected dogs to areas with no transmission, and adaptation of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis to the peridomiciliary environment. From 1980 to 2005, Brazil recorded 59,129 cases of visceral leishmaniasis, 82.5 percent of which in the Northeast region. Visceral leishmaniasis gradually spread to other regions of the country: in 1998 these other regions reported 15 percent of all cases, but by 2005 this proportion had increased to 44 percent. From 1998 to 2005, indigenous cases were reported in 1,904 different municipalities of the country (34.2 percent). Reservoir and vector control pose major challenges for disease control, since there is a need for better knowledge of vector behavior in urban areas, and control activities involve high operational costs. In recent years the Brazilian Ministry of Health has supported research on the laboratory diagnosis of infection and disease in humans and dogs, treatment of patients, evaluation of the effectiveness of control strategies, and development of new technologies that could contribute to the surveillance and control of visceral leishmaniasis in the country.

A urbanização da leishmaniose visceral tem sido relacionada a modificações ambientais causadas por ações antrópicas, pelo rápido processo migratório, pela interação e mobilização de reservatórios silvestres e cães infectados para áreas sem transmissão, e pela adaptação do vetor Lutzomiya longipalpis ao peridomicílio. Entre 1980 e 2005, o Brasil registrou 59.129 casos de leishmaniose visceral, sendo 82,5 por cento na Região Nordeste. Gradativamente, a leishmaniose visceral expandiu-se para as regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Sudeste, passando de 15 por cento dos casos em 1998 para 44 por cento em 2005. Entre 1998 e 2005 foram registrados casos autóctones em 1.904 (34,2 por cento) diferentes municípios brasileiros. O controle vetorial e de reservatórios representam os maiores desafios para o controle da doença, dado a necessidade de melhor conhecer o comportamento do vetor no ambiente urbano, as dificuldades operacionais e o alto custo de execução. Nos últimos anos, o Ministério da Saúde tem investido em pesquisas sobre diagnóstico laboratorial humano e canino, tratamento dos pacientes, avaliação da efetividade das estratégias de controle, bem como de novas tecnologias que possam contribuir na implementação das ações de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil.

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RESUMEN

The authors describe three recent experiences of epidemiological surveys of zoonotic diseases in Brazil. The role of spatial data acquisition and analysis has been reinforced, considering the intrinsic complexity of environmental and social factors affecting transmission. Health surveillance in Brazil is undergoing a decentralisation process, in accordance with which different responsibilities are attributed to each health institution, from federal level to county health secretaries, including local non-governmental organisations. The availability of data, as well as the skilled use of spatial analysis tools, contributed in this process, allowing rapid and low cost assessments of environmental risks.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: An epidemiological investigation was conducted to determine risk factors for adverse reactions among patients in hospitals and the possibility of extrinsic or intrinsic contamination of intravenous solutions. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify solutions associated with adverse reactions. Implicated lots were cultured for bacteria, and endotoxin concentrations were measured. SETTING: Five hospitals in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, were investigated from February through March 2002. PATIENTS: Surgical inpatients or outpatients receiving intravenous solutions during the study period. RESULTS: Of 355 surgical patients or outpatients treated at hospitals, 28 (8%) developed illness within a mean of 2.5 hours after exposure to intravenous solutions implicated in adverse reactions; 5 (17.9%) of the case patients died. Laboratory testing of bottles from the lots of Ringer's lactate solution implicated in deaths demonstrated a high mean endotoxin concentration of 88.3 endotoxin units (EU)/mL (range, 9.7-298.0 EU/mL), compared with the permitted limit in Brazil of <0.5 EU/mL. Testing of metronidazole implicated in adverse reactions at another hospital and produced by the same company that manufactured the lots Ringer's lactate solution also showed high endotoxin concentrations (mean level, 8.3 EU/mL [range, 5.0-58.3 EU/mL]). The outbreak was controlled after a national recall of the implicated brand of intravenous solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Case patient status was associated with use of Ringer's lactate solution and metronidazole from large bottles, both of which were produced by the same company. High endotoxin concentrations were demonstrated in unopened bottles of implicated products, which is consistent with intrinsic contamination. The high mortality rate may have been compounded by the fact that clinicians administered additional volumes of contaminated 0.9% isotonic sodium chloride solution in response to hypotension or bleeding to some surgical patients. No additional case patients were identified after a national recall of products, inspection, closure of the implicated company's manufacturing facility, and establishment of random quality-control testing of intravenous solutions.

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