RESUMEN

Increases in hydrological extremes, including drought, are expected for Amazon forests. A fundamental challenge for predicting forest responses lies in identifying ecological strategies which underlie such responses. Characterization of species-specific hydraulic strategies for regulating water-use, thought to be arrayed along an 'isohydric-anisohydric' spectrum, is a widely used approach. However, recent studies have questioned the usefulness of this classification scheme, because its metrics are strongly influenced by environments, and hence can lead to divergent classifications even within the same species. Here, we propose an alternative approach positing that individual hydraulic regulation strategies emerge from the interaction of environments with traits. Specifically, we hypothesize that the vertical forest profile represents a key gradient in drought-related environments (atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, soil water availability) that drives divergent tree water-use strategies for coordinated regulation of stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potentials (ΨL) with tree rooting depth, a proxy for water availability. Testing this hypothesis in a seasonal eastern Amazon forest in Brazil, we found that hydraulic strategies indeed depend on height-associated environments. Upper canopy trees, experiencing high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but stable soil water access through deep rooting, exhibited isohydric strategies, defined by little seasonal change in the diurnal pattern of gs and steady seasonal minimum ΨL. In contrast, understory trees, exposed to less variable VPD but highly variable soil water availability, exhibited anisohydric strategies, with fluctuations in diurnal gs that increased in the dry season along with increasing variation in ΨL. Our finding that canopy height structures the coordination between drought-related environmental stressors and hydraulic traits provides a basis for preserving the applicability of the isohydric-to-anisohydric spectrum, which we show here may consistently emerge from environmental context. Our work highlights the importance of understanding how environmental heterogeneity structures forest responses to climate change, providing a mechanistic basis for improving models of tropical ecosystems.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In 2024, Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) celebrates 40 years of uninterrupted publications. This article analyzes the trajectory of the journal and projects its future considering contemporary challenges in scientific publishing in the field of Public Health. This study was based on the analysis of main editorial policy milestones and the identification of the most popular topics. Three periods were recognized. In the "beginning" (1985 to 1990), the journal had restricted circulation, with a quarterly frequency. The word "epidemiology", used in a descriptive context, is highlighted. Then, in the period of "consolidation" (1991 to October 2012), CSP was indexed in the Index Medicus-MEDLINE database and had its online collection published by the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), expanding the reach of articles. In this period, the words that characterize the field of policy, planning, and management were clearly seen, and terms related to the epidemiological method emerged. The period of "diversity" (November 2012 to November 2023) introduced the requirement of an external editor to the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation's staff among the three co-editors-in-chief, aiming to ensure editorial independence. New activities and a similar frequency among the five most common terms highlight such "diversity". Several issues are observed in scientific publishing in 2024: non-commercial Open Science, artificial intelligence, appreciation of science, scientific dissemination, among others. Addressing new challenges in an ethical and transparent manner will allow future advances, maintaining CSP's credibility among authors and readers and its commitment to improvements in the living and health conditions of populations.

Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) completa, em 2024, 40 anos de publicação ininterrupta. Este artigo analisa a trajetória da revista e projeta o futuro diante dos desafios contemporâneos da publicação científica do campo da Saúde Coletiva. O estudo foi desenvolvido com base na análise dos principais marcos da política editorial e na identificação dos temas mais publicados. Três períodos foram delimitados. No "início" (1985 a 1990), a revista tinha circulação restrita, com periodicidade trimestral. A palavra "epidemiologia", usada em contexto descritivo, se sobressai. Segue-se o período de "consolidação" (1991 a outubro de 2012), quando CSP é indexado na base bibliográfica Index Medicus-MEDLINE e tem seu acervo online publicado pela Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), ampliando o alcance dos artigos junto à academia. Nesse momento, torna-se visível o conjunto de palavras que caracterizam o campo da política, do planejamento e da gestão, e surgem os termos relacionados ao método epidemiológico. O período "diversidade" (novembro de 2012 a novembro de 2023) apresenta a obrigatoriedade de um editor externo aos quadros da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz entre os três coeditores-chefes, visando garantir a independência editorial. Novas atividades e a frequência similar entre os cinco termos mais encontrados capturam a "diversidade". Inúmeras questões permeiam a publicação científica em 2024: Ciência Aberta não comercial, inteligência artificial, valorização da ciência, divulgação científica, entre outros. Enfrentar os novos desafios, de forma ética e transparente, permitirá avanços futuros, mantendo a credibilidade de CSP junto a autores e leitores e seu compromisso com a melhoria das condições de vida e de saúde das populações.

Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) celebra 40 años de publicación continua en 2024. Este artículo analiza la trayectoria de la revista y hace proyecciones al futuro ante los retos contemporáneos de la publicación científica en el campo de la Salud Pública. El estudio se desarrolló a partir del análisis de los principales hitos de la política editorial y la identificación de los temas más publicados. Para ello, se dividieron en tres períodos. Al "comienzo" (1985 a 1990), la revista tenía una circulación restringida, con una periodicidad trimestral. En ese contexto, se destaca la palabra "epidemiología". Después pasó al período de "consolidación" (1991 a octubre de 2012), en el que CSP se indexa en la base de datos Index Medicus-MEDLINE y tiene su colección en línea publicada por la Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), lo que amplió el alcance de los artículos en la academia. En aquel momento se volvió perceptible el conjunto de palabras que caracterizan el campo de la política, la planificación y la gestión, además de aparecer términos relacionados con el método epidemiológico. En el período de "diversidad" (noviembre de 2012 a noviembre de 2023), hubo una necesidad de incluir a un editor externo al equipo de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz entre los tres coeditores en jefe para garantizar la independencia editorial. Las nuevas actividades y la frecuencia similar entre los cinco términos principales capturan la "diversidad". La publicación científica para el 2024 aborda numerosos temas: Ciencia Abierta no comercial, inteligencia artificial, apreciación de la ciencia, difusión científica, entre otros. Afrontar los nuevos retos, de forma ética y transparente, permitirá futuros avances manteniendo la credibilidad de CSP junto a autores y lectores, y su compromiso con la mejora de las condiciones de vida y salud de la población.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze auditory and academic complaints of students and employees of a federal public university. METHODS: The study was carried out using a non-probabilistic. The EAPAC Scale with adaptations was used to fulfill the research objectives. It has 14 questions about complaints related to listening skills and 12 questions related to the academic environment. Descriptive data analysis was performed through the frequency distribution of categorical variables and Pearson's chi-square test was used for association analyses. RESULTS: 646 individuals aged between 17 and 67 years old participated in the research. The most prevalent complaints were academic difficulty related to memory, concentration, and planning, hearing and understanding speech in noise, and memorization of tasks that were only heard. There was an association with bidirectional statistical significance between academic and auditory complaints. CONCLUSION: It was possible to observe that there is an association between auditory and academic complaints in adults, marked by the relationship between cognitive and auditory aspects. It is relevant that these factors are considered when performing assessments of Central Auditory Processing when intervening in patients with auditory complaints, and in student life.

OBJETIVO: Descrever e analisar queixas auditivas e acadêmicas de universitários e funcionários de uma universidade pública federal. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado por amostra não-probabilística. A Escala de Autopercepção de Habilidades do Processamento Auditivo Central com adaptações foi utilizada para cumprir os objetivos da pesquisa. Esta possui 14 questões sobre queixas relacionadas às habilidades auditivas e 12 relacionadas ao ambiente acadêmico. Foi realizada a análise descritiva dos dados por meio da distribuição de frequência das variáveis categóricas e, para as análises de associação, foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Participaram da pesquisa 646 indivíduos com faixa etária entre 17 e 67 anos. As queixas mais prevalentes foram: dificuldade acadêmica relacionada à memória, concentração e planejamento, ouvir e compreender a fala no ruído, e memorização de tarefas que foram apenas ouvidas. Houve associação com significância estatística bidirecional entre as queixas acadêmicas e auditivas. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível observar que há associação entre queixas auditivas e acadêmicas em adultos, marcada pela relação de aspectos cognitivos com aspectos auditivos. É relevante que esses fatores sejam considerados ao realizar avaliações do Processamento Auditivo Central, ao se intervir em pacientes com queixas auditivas, e na vida estudantil.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Obesity is a complex chronic disease characterized by excess body fat (adipose) that is harmful to health and has been a major global health problem. It may be associated with several diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are lipid mediators that have anti-inflammatory characteristics and can be found in animals and plants, with capybara oil (CO) being a promising source. So, we intend to evaluate the hepatic pathophysiological alterations in C57Bl/6 mice with NAFLD, caused by obesity, and the possible beneficial effects of OC in the treatment of this disease. Eighteen 3-month-old male C57Bl/6 mice received a control or high-fat diet for 18 weeks. From the 15th to the 18th week, the animals received treatment-through orogastric gavage-with placebo or free capybara oil (5 g/kg). Parameters inherent to body mass, glucose tolerance, evaluation of liver enzymes, percentage of hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, the process of cell death with the apoptotic biomarkers (Bax, Bcl2, and Cytochrome C), and the ultrastructure of hepatocytes were analyzed. Even though the treatment with CO was not able to disassemble the effects on the physiological parameters, it proved to be beneficial in reversing the morphological and ultrastructural damage present in the hepatocytes. Thus, demonstrating that CO has beneficial effects in reducing steatosis and the apoptotic pathway, it is a promising treatment for NAFLD.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 6 (ALS6) is a familial subtype of ALS linked to Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) gene mutation. FUS mutations lead to decreased global protein synthesis, but the mechanism that drives this has not been established. Here, we used ALS6 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) to study the effect of the ALS6 FUSR521H mutation on the translation machinery in motor neurons (MNs). We find, in agreement with findings of others, that protein synthesis is decreased in FUSR521H MNs. Furthermore, FUSR521H MNs are more sensitive to oxidative stress and display reduced expression of TGF-ß and mTORC gene pathways when stressed. Finally, we show that IFNγ treatment reduces apoptosis of FUSR521H MNs exposed to oxidative stress and partially restores the translation rates in FUSR521H MNs. Overall, these findings suggest that a functional IFNγ response is important for FUS-mediated protein synthesis, possibly by FUS nuclear translocation in ALS6.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e analisar queixas auditivas e acadêmicas de universitários e funcionários de uma universidade pública federal. Métodos O estudo foi realizado por amostra não-probabilística. A Escala de Autopercepção de Habilidades do Processamento Auditivo Central com adaptações foi utilizada para cumprir os objetivos da pesquisa. Esta possui 14 questões sobre queixas relacionadas às habilidades auditivas e 12 relacionadas ao ambiente acadêmico. Foi realizada a análise descritiva dos dados por meio da distribuição de frequência das variáveis categóricas e, para as análises de associação, foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados Participaram da pesquisa 646 indivíduos com faixa etária entre 17 e 67 anos. As queixas mais prevalentes foram: dificuldade acadêmica relacionada à memória, concentração e planejamento, ouvir e compreender a fala no ruído, e memorização de tarefas que foram apenas ouvidas. Houve associação com significância estatística bidirecional entre as queixas acadêmicas e auditivas. Conclusão Foi possível observar que há associação entre queixas auditivas e acadêmicas em adultos, marcada pela relação de aspectos cognitivos com aspectos auditivos. É relevante que esses fatores sejam considerados ao realizar avaliações do Processamento Auditivo Central, ao se intervir em pacientes com queixas auditivas, e na vida estudantil.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and analyze auditory and academic complaints of students and employees of a federal public university. Methods The study was carried out using a non-probabilistic. The EAPAC Scale with adaptations was used to fulfill the research objectives. It has 14 questions about complaints related to listening skills and 12 questions related to the academic environment. Descriptive data analysis was performed through the frequency distribution of categorical variables and Pearson's chi-square test was used for association analyses. Results 646 individuals aged between 17 and 67 years old participated in the research. The most prevalent complaints were academic difficulty related to memory, concentration, and planning, hearing and understanding speech in noise, and memorization of tasks that were only heard. There was an association with bidirectional statistical significance between academic and auditory complaints. Conclusion It was possible to observe that there is an association between auditory and academic complaints in adults, marked by the relationship between cognitive and auditory aspects. It is relevant that these factors are considered when performing assessments of Central Auditory Processing when intervening in patients with auditory complaints, and in student life.

RESUMEN

Resumo: Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) completa, em 2024, 40 anos de publicação ininterrupta. Este artigo analisa a trajetória da revista e projeta o futuro diante dos desafios contemporâneos da publicação científica do campo da Saúde Coletiva. O estudo foi desenvolvido com base na análise dos principais marcos da política editorial e na identificação dos temas mais publicados. Três períodos foram delimitados. No "início" (1985 a 1990), a revista tinha circulação restrita, com periodicidade trimestral. A palavra "epidemiologia", usada em contexto descritivo, se sobressai. Segue-se o período de "consolidação" (1991 a outubro de 2012), quando CSP é indexado na base bibliográfica Index Medicus-MEDLINE e tem seu acervo online publicado pela Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), ampliando o alcance dos artigos junto à academia. Nesse momento, torna-se visível o conjunto de palavras que caracterizam o campo da política, do planejamento e da gestão, e surgem os termos relacionados ao método epidemiológico. O período "diversidade" (novembro de 2012 a novembro de 2023) apresenta a obrigatoriedade de um editor externo aos quadros da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz entre os três coeditores-chefes, visando garantir a independência editorial. Novas atividades e a frequência similar entre os cinco termos mais encontrados capturam a "diversidade". Inúmeras questões permeiam a publicação científica em 2024: Ciência Aberta não comercial, inteligência artificial, valorização da ciência, divulgação científica, entre outros. Enfrentar os novos desafios, de forma ética e transparente, permitirá avanços futuros, mantendo a credibilidade de CSP junto a autores e leitores e seu compromisso com a melhoria das condições de vida e de saúde das populações.

Abstract: In 2024, Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) celebrates 40 years of uninterrupted publications. This article analyzes the trajectory of the journal and projects its future considering contemporary challenges in scientific publishing in the field of Public Health. This study was based on the analysis of main editorial policy milestones and the identification of the most popular topics. Three periods were recognized. In the "beginning" (1985 to 1990), the journal had restricted circulation, with a quarterly frequency. The word "epidemiology", used in a descriptive context, is highlighted. Then, in the period of "consolidation" (1991 to October 2012), CSP was indexed in the Index Medicus-MEDLINE database and had its online collection published by the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), expanding the reach of articles. In this period, the words that characterize the field of policy, planning, and management were clearly seen, and terms related to the epidemiological method emerged. The period of "diversity" (November 2012 to November 2023) introduced the requirement of an external editor to the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation's staff among the three co-editors-in-chief, aiming to ensure editorial independence. New activities and a similar frequency among the five most common terms highlight such "diversity". Several issues are observed in scientific publishing in 2024: non-commercial Open Science, artificial intelligence, appreciation of science, scientific dissemination, among others. Addressing new challenges in an ethical and transparent manner will allow future advances, maintaining CSP's credibility among authors and readers and its commitment to improvements in the living and health conditions of populations.

Resumen: Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) celebra 40 años de publicación continua en 2024. Este artículo analiza la trayectoria de la revista y hace proyecciones al futuro ante los retos contemporáneos de la publicación científica en el campo de la Salud Pública. El estudio se desarrolló a partir del análisis de los principales hitos de la política editorial y la identificación de los temas más publicados. Para ello, se dividieron en tres períodos. Al "comienzo" (1985 a 1990), la revista tenía una circulación restringida, con una periodicidad trimestral. En ese contexto, se destaca la palabra "epidemiología". Después pasó al período de "consolidación" (1991 a octubre de 2012), en el que CSP se indexa en la base de datos Index Medicus-MEDLINE y tiene su colección en línea publicada por la Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), lo que amplió el alcance de los artículos en la academia. En aquel momento se volvió perceptible el conjunto de palabras que caracterizan el campo de la política, la planificación y la gestión, además de aparecer términos relacionados con el método epidemiológico. En el período de "diversidad" (noviembre de 2012 a noviembre de 2023), hubo una necesidad de incluir a un editor externo al equipo de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz entre los tres coeditores en jefe para garantizar la independencia editorial. Las nuevas actividades y la frecuencia similar entre los cinco términos principales capturan la "diversidad". La publicación científica para el 2024 aborda numerosos temas: Ciencia Abierta no comercial, inteligencia artificial, apreciación de la ciencia, difusión científica, entre otros. Afrontar los nuevos retos, de forma ética y transparente, permitirá futuros avances manteniendo la credibilidad de CSP junto a autores y lectores, y su compromiso con la mejora de las condiciones de vida y salud de la población.

RESUMEN

Objetivo:analisar relações existentes entre proposta conceitual do movimento das Universidades Promotoras da Saúde e projetos de extensão de uma universidade, sob perspectiva de uma análise documental. Método:estudo de caso documental com análise qualitativa descritiva realizado com base nos documentos de registros extensionistas de uma universidade pública do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A análise deste estudo teve como aporte teórico a proposta conceitual do movimento das Universidades Promotoras da Saúde. Resultados:identificaram-se 11 projetos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e, foram distribuídos em cinco categorias. Conclusão:é necessário vincular a promoção da saúde ao projeto político pedagógico da Universidade, possibilitando a valorização das experiências formativas, no âmbito das histórias de vida dos sujeitos e das suas vivências comunitárias e no âmbito da política institucional. Entretanto, tais iniciativas ainda são escassas, gerando um hiato entre expectativa e realidade.

Objective:to analyze existing relationships between the conceptual proposal of the health promoting universities movement and university extension projects, from the perspective of a documental analysis. Method:documental case study with descriptive qualitative analysis based on records documents from a public university in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of this study had as theoretical contribution the conceptual proposal of the Health Promoting Universities movement. Results: 11projects thatmet the inclusion criteria were identified and distributed into five categories. Conclusion:it is necessary to link health promotion to the University's political pedagogical project, enabling the valorization of formative experiences, within the scope of the subjects' life stories, their community experiences and within the scope of institutional policy. However, such initiatives are still scarce, creating a gap between expectations and reality.

Objetivo:analizar relaciones existentes entre propuesta conceptual del movimiento Universidades Promotoras de Salud y los proyectos de extensión de una universidad, desde la perspectiva de un análisis documental. Método:estudio de caso documental con análisis cualitativo descriptivo basado en registros extensión de una universidad pública del estado de Río de Janeiro. El análisis de este estudio tuvo como soporte teórico del movimiento de Universidades Promotoras de Salud. Resultados:se identificaron once proyectos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y se distribuyeron en cinco categorías. Conclusión:es necesario vincular la promoción de la salud al proyecto político pedagógico de la Universidad, posibilitando la valorización de las experiencias formativas, en el ámbito de las historias de vida de los sujetos y de sus experiencias comunitarias y en elámbito de la política institucional. Sin embargo, tales iniciativas aún son escasas, creando una brecha entre las expectativas y la realidad.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Mapear projetos de pesquisa e extensão de um instituto federal voltados para a promoção da saúde com base no referencial teórico das Universidades Promotoras da Saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, na qual mapeou-se, por meio de consulta pública a editais de seleção, projetos de pesquisa e extensão de um instituto federal, com vigência no período de 2016 a 2020. Realizou-se análise descritiva e interpretativa de títulos e resumos, identificando os projetos voltados para promoção da saúde em ambiente institucional. Resultados: Selecionou-se 18 projetos, sendo o ano com maior prevalência 2020 e o público-alvo predominante estudantes e trabalhadores. Os principais aspectos de promoção da saúde abordados foram: Bem-estar escolar; Hábitos saudáveis; Protagonismo em saúde; e Ambientes saudáveis. Conclusão: O instituto analisado possui projetos que o aproxima do movimento das Universidades Promotoras da Saúde, porém é importante incentivar abordagens de trabalho intersetoriais e multidisciplinares e ampliar a capacitação e a formação acadêmica em Promoção da Saúde. Descritores: Promoção da saúde; Serviços de Saúde Escolar; Saúde do trabalhador; Qualidade de vida.

Objective: To map the research and outreach projects of a federal institute focused on health promotion based on the theoretical framework of Health Promoting Universities.Methods: This is a documentary research, in which it was mapped, through public consultation to the selection notices, research and outreach projectsof a federal institute, effective from 2016 to 2020. A descriptive and interpretive analysis of titles and abstracts was carried out, identifying the projects aimed at health promotion in an institutional environment. Results: Eighteen projects were selected, the year with the highest prevalence 2020 and the predominant target audience students and workers. The main aspects of health promotion addressed were: School well-being; Healthy habits; Protagonism in health; and Healthy environments. Conclusion: The analyzed institute has projects that bring it closer to the movement of Health Promoting Universities, but it is important to encourage intersectoral and multidisciplinary work approaches and expand academic training in Health Promotion. Descriptors: Health Promotion; School Health Services; Occupational Health; Quality of life.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2-5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 and satellite-derived approaches2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151-363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: to describe the profile of fluency concerning the typology of disfluencies, speed, and frequency of disruptions in spontaneous speech, reading, and retelling; to compare the fluency profile in adults who stutter in spontaneous speech, reading, and retelling of text. METHODS: The present work is a cross-sectional comparative study with a sample composed of 15 adults who stutter of both sexes, with higher education or equivalent to complete elementary school II. Samples were collected in the tasks of spontaneous speech, reading, and text retelling through video calls made individually with the participants. The first 200 syllables expressed in each task were transcribed and analyzed according to the Fluency Profile Assessment Protocol (FPAP). The study compared the frequency of common and stuttering disfluencies and the speed in the different tasks surveyed. The Kruskal & Wallis test was used together with Duncan's multiple comparisons test to compare the medians and verify possible differences between the tasks researched with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The reading task presented a lower number of common disfluencies and a percentage of speech discontinuity about spontaneous speech and retelling tasks. No statistically significant differences were found between stuttering disfluencies in the three tasks surveyed. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there are differences in the occurrence of common disfluencies - hesitations, interjections, and revisions - and in the percentage of speech discontinuity during an oral reading of adults who stutter concerning spontaneous speech and text retelling.

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil da fluência em relação à tipologia das disfluências, velocidade e frequência de rupturas na fala espontânea, na leitura e no reconto; comparar o perfil da fluência em adultos que gaguejam na fala espontânea, na leitura e no reconto de texto. MÉTODO: O trabalho é um estudo transversal comparativo com amostra composta por 15 adultos que gaguejam de ambos os sexos, com formação superior ou equivalente ao ensino fundamental II completo. Foram coletadas amostras nas tarefas de fala espontânea, leitura e reconto de texto por meio de video chamadas realizadas individualmente. As 200 primeiras sílabas expressas de cada tarefa foram transcritas e analisadas segundo o Protocolo de Avaliação do Perfil da Fluência (PAPF). O estudo comparou a frequência das disfluências comuns e gagas e a velocidade nas tarefas pesquisadas. Adotou-se o teste de Kruskal & Wallis em conjunto com o de comparações múltiplas de Duncan para comparar as medianas e verificar possíveis diferenças entre as tarefas pesquisadas com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A tarefa de leitura apresentou menor número de disfluências comuns e percentual de descontinuidade de fala em relação às tarefas de fala espontânea e reconto. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as disfluências gagas nas três tarefas pesquisadas. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho mostrou que existem diferenças na ocorrência das disfluências comuns - hesitações, interjeições e revisões - e no percentual de descontinuidade de fala durante a leitura oral de adultos que gaguejam em relação à fala espontânea e ao reconto de texto.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: to verify whether fluency and reading comprehension vary throughout the third year of elementary school and can be used as performance indicators in reading. METHODS: this is a prospective longitudinal study. 53 children participated in the study, regardless of gender. Four assessments were carried out throughout the year, using the LEPIC software to record the reading made by the children, recording reading errors, as well as the answers to questions regarding comprehension. RESULTS: there was an evolution of reading fluency and literal comprehension throughout the tests, but not in inferential comprehension. CONCLUSION: reading fluency and literal comprehension are good performance indicators in the third year of elementary school.

OBJETIVO: verificar se a fluência e a compreensão leitora variam ao longo do terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental, podendo ser utilizados como indicadores de desempenho em leitura. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo longitudinal prospectivo. Participaram do estudo 53 crianças, sem distinção de sexo. Foram realizadas quatro avaliações ao longo do ano, utilizando-se do software LEPIC para gravar a leitura feita pelas crianças, registrar os erros de leitura, bem como as respostas às questões referentes à compreensão. RESULTADOS: observou-se evolução da fluência de leitura e na compreensão literal ao longo das testagens, mas não na compreensão inferencial. CONCLUSÃO: a fluência de leitura e a compreensão literal apresentam-se como bons indicadores de desempenho no terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Understanding the effects of intensification of Amazon basin hydrological cycling-manifest as increasingly frequent floods and droughts-on water and energy cycles of tropical forests is essential to meeting the challenge of predicting ecosystem responses to climate change, including forest "tipping points". Here, we investigated the impacts of hydrological extremes on forest function using 12+ years of observations (between 2001-2020) of water and energy fluxes from eddy covariance, along with associated ecological dynamics from biometry, at the Tapajós National Forest. Measurements encompass the strong 2015-2016 El Niño drought and La Niña 2008-2009 wet events. We found that the forest responded strongly to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Drought reduced water availability for evapotranspiration (ET) leading to large increases in sensible heat fluxes (H). Partitioning ET by an approach that assumes transpiration (T) is proportional to photosynthesis, we found that water stress-induced reductions in canopy conductance (Gs ) drove T declines partly compensated by higher evaporation (E). By contrast, the abnormally wet La Niña period gave higher T and lower E, with little change in seasonal ET. Both El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events resulted in changes in forest structure, manifested as lower wet-season leaf area index. However, only during El Niño 2015-2016, we observed a breakdown in the strong meteorological control of transpiration fluxes (via energy availability and atmospheric demand) because of slowing vegetation functions (via shutdown of Gs and significant leaf shedding). Drought-reduced T and Gs , higher H and E, amplified by feedbacks with higher temperatures and vapor pressure deficits, signaled that forest function had crossed a threshold, from which it recovered slowly, with delay, post-drought. Identifying such tipping point onsets (beyond which future irreversible processes may occur) at local scale is crucial for predicting basin-scale threshold-crossing changes in forest energy and water cycling, leading to slow-down in forest function, potentially resulting in Amazon forests shifting into alternate degraded states.

RESUMEN

Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species1,2. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies3,4. Here, leveraging global tree databases5-7, we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions.

Asunto(s)