RESUMEN
In this study, we report the nearly complete genome sequences of one enterovirus 96 (EV-C96) isolate (strain 3499/BRA-PA/2010) and two enterovirus 99 (EV-C99) isolates (strains 3291/BRA-PA/2010 and 3944/BRA-PA/2011). The genetic characterization of different enterovirus strains allows for a better understanding of their molecular epidemiology and viral evolution.
RESUMEN
Agronomic performance and external and internal appearance of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit are important traits that should be taken into consideration during the development of a new cultivar, as well as being the principal identification elements used by the consumer, which are based on the external appearance and quality of the fruit. Externally, the fruit can be characterized in terms of the shape, the color of the lower rind, and the presence of grooves and stripes, the stripes can be classified as clearly defined or diffuse. The objective of this study was to identify microsatellite markers linked to the stripe pattern of watermelon fruit to support watermelon improvement programs, with the selection of this characteristic in the plantlet stage. F1 and F2 populations, result of a cross between the cultivars BRS Opara (clearly defined stripes) and Pérola (diffuse stripes), were phenotyped for their fruit stripe pattern. The CTAB 2X protocol was used for DNA extraction and 116 microsatellite markers were examined in a group of F2 plants that had fruit with well-defined stripes and fruit with diffuse stripes. The microsatellite loci MCPI_05 and MCPI_16 exhibited a linkage to the stripe pattern at a distance of 1.5 and 1.8 cM, respectively, with LOD scores of 39.28 and 38.11, respectively, which were located on chromosome six of the watermelon genome. These markers can be used in marker-assisted selection in watermelon improvement programs, by various research institutions.
Asunto(s)
Citrullus/genética , Frutas/genética , Ligamiento Genético , Sitios Genéticos , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Alelos , FenotipoRESUMEN
In this study, genetic differentiation between karyomorphs A (2n = 42) and D (2n = 39/40) of the wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus, which is comprised of several cryptic species that present a wide variety of diploid chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems, resulting in the identification of seven distinct karyomorphs (A-G), was investigated using a combination of molecular and cytogenetic tools. Deep sequence divergences for both karyomorphs were observed and indicate a long period of reproductive isolation between karyomorphs A and D. Additionally, one individual with 61 chromosomes was identified, which, as far as is known, is the first case of natural triploidy resulting from the hybridization between these highly differentiated karyomorphs of H. malabaricus. Molecular and cytogenetic analyses revealed that this allotriploid specimen carries two sets of maternal chromosomes from karyomorph D (2n = 40) and one set of chromosomes from karyomorph A (n = 21). Moreover, ribosomal sites and active nucleolus organizer regions from both parental contributors were found in the triploid hybrid. Considering the significant genetic distances between karyomorphs A and D, one of the primary reasons for the lack of recurrent reports of hybridization in the H. malabaricus species complex may be due to post-zygotic barriers, such as hybrid sterility or unviability.
Asunto(s)
Characiformes/genética , Hibridación Genética , Triploidía , Animales , Brasil , Cromosomas/genética , Cariotipo , Fenotipo , RíosRESUMEN
The genus Astyanax is a specious Neotropical fish group, occurring from the south area of the United States to Argentina. During the past few years, intensive studies on representatives of this group have been performed, broadening the genetic, taxonomic and biogeographical knowledge considerably. However, phylogenetic relationships among many species remain uncertain. Significant karyotypic variations occur in A. bimaculatus, A. scabripinnis and A. fasciatus, suggesting the existence of species complexes. Samples with different diploid numbers may be found in A. fasciatus and, in some cases, morphological differentiation among them is not easily verified due to the absence of clear diagnostic characteristics. In the present study, the organization of the A. fasciatus genome from the Tietê River, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil, was analyzed, describing the karyotype structure and the chromosomal mapping of 18S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), H1 and H3 histones genes, telomeric DNA, and Rex3 transposable element. Sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was also performed. Chromosomal analyses highlighted the occurrence of 2 distinct karyomorphs in the referred population, one with 2n = 46 and the other with 2n = 48 chromosomes. Furthermore, physical mapping of the repetitive sequences and nucleotide analysis of the COI gene reinforce the genomic differentiation between those karyomorphs and corroborate the existence of 2 different lineages morphologically similar to A. fasciatus living in sympatry.
Asunto(s)
Characiformes/genética , ADN/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos Nucleicos , Animales , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cromosomas , Cariotipificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
To ascertain the origin of B chromosomes in 2 fish species of the genus Prochilodus, i.e. P. lineatus and P. nigricans, we microdissected them and generated B-specific DNA probes. These probes were used to perform chromosome painting in both species and in 3 further ones belonging to the same genus (P. argenteus, P. brevis and P. costatus). Both probes hybridized with the B chromosomes in P. lineatus and P. nigricans, but with none of the chromosomes in the 5 species. This indicates that the B chromosomes have low similarity with DNAs located in the A chromosomes and suggests the possibility that the B chromosomes in the 2 species have a common origin. The most parsimonious explanation would imply intergeneric hybridization in an ancestor of P. lineatus and P. nigricans yielding the B chromosome as a byproduct, which remained in these 2 species after their phylogenetic origin, but was perhaps lost in other Prochilodus species. This hypothesis predicts that B chromosomes are old genomic elements in this genus, and this could be tested once a species from a relative genus would be found showing homology of its A chromosomes with the B-probes employed here, through a comparison of B chromosome DNA sequences with those in the A chromosomes of this other species.
Asunto(s)
Characiformes/genética , Cromosomas/genética , Animales , Pintura CromosómicaRESUMEN
Caracterizaram-se as agressões por cães, o perfil das vítimas e dos agressores e as circunstâncias desses acidentes. Calculou-se a amostra aleatória a partir de 20 mil notificações/ano de agressões por cães e realizaram-se 594 entrevistas telefônicas. A maior frequência de agressões ocorreu no sexo masculino, faixa etária de cinco a 14 anos. Lesões leves representaram 80,4%. As profundas (19,1%) ocorreram por cães de porte médio seguidas pelos de grande porte. A maioria dos cães era macho adulto, porte médio. Dos entrevistados, 52,5% desconheciam a condição reprodutiva; 41,0% dos cães não eram esterilizados e 6,4% eram esterilizados. Cães sem raça definida (SRD) provocaram 48,4% dos acidentes, e 57,6% das agressões ocorreram em locais privados. Em 56,2% das agressões, as vítimas eram moradoras do imóvel ou pessoas conhecidas. Com animais não conhecidos a agressão mais frequente ocorreu na rua, 30,8%, e 67,5% dos donos permaneceram com os animais. As agressões foram resultantes da interação homem-cão e devem ser estudadas para se identificarem os possíveis comportamentos que desencadeiam a agressão pelo animal.(AU)
This study aimed to characterize aggression by dogs, the profile of victims, and perpetrators and circumstances of these accidents. Understanding the interaction between victims and aggressive dogs contributes to preventing aggression. The random sample from 20.000 reports / year of attacks by dogs was calculated and 594 telephone interviews were conducted. The highest frequency of assaults occurred in males from 5 to 14 years of age. Non-severe injuries represented 80.4%. Deep lesions (19.1%) were caused by medium and large dogs. Most dogs were medium size adult males. Of the respondents, 52.5% were unaware of the reproductive condition, 41.0% of dogs were not sterilized and 6.4% were sterilized. Dogs without defined race caused 48.4% of accidents and 57.6% of assaults occurred in private places. In 56.2% assault victims were residents of the property or known people. Aggressions from unknown animals were more frequent on the street (30.8%). 67.5% remained with the animals' owners. The attacks were the result of interaction between man and dog and should be studied to identify which human and canine behaviors can trigger accidents, to understand how the interaction occurs in different situations whithin the same household, with acquaintances, on the street, and with unknown animals. Educational approaches detailing risks and prevention methods are essential.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Vigilancia en Desastres , Causalidad , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Caracterizaram-se as agressões por cães, o perfil das vítimas e dos agressores e as circunstâncias desses acidentes. Calculou-se a amostra aleatória a partir de 20 mil notificações/ano de agressões por cães e realizaram-se 594 entrevistas telefônicas. A maior frequência de agressões ocorreu no sexo masculino, faixa etária de cinco a 14 anos. Lesões leves representaram 80,4%. As profundas (19,1%) ocorreram por cães de porte médio seguidas pelos de grande porte. A maioria dos cães era macho adulto, porte médio. Dos entrevistados, 52,5% desconheciam a condição reprodutiva; 41,0% dos cães não eram esterilizados e 6,4% eram esterilizados. Cães sem raça definida (SRD) provocaram 48,4% dos acidentes, e 57,6% das agressões ocorreram em locais privados. Em 56,2% das agressões, as vítimas eram moradoras do imóvel ou pessoas conhecidas. Com animais não conhecidos a agressão mais frequente ocorreu na rua, 30,8%, e 67,5% dos donos permaneceram com os animais. As agressões foram resultantes da interação homem-cão e devem ser estudadas para se identificarem os possíveis comportamentos que desencadeiam a agressão pelo animal.(AU)
This study aimed to characterize aggression by dogs, the profile of victims, and perpetrators and circumstances of these accidents. Understanding the interaction between victims and aggressive dogs contributes to preventing aggression. The random sample from 20.000 reports / year of attacks by dogs was calculated and 594 telephone interviews were conducted. The highest frequency of assaults occurred in males from 5 to 14 years of age. Non-severe injuries represented 80.4%. Deep lesions (19.1%) were caused by medium and large dogs. Most dogs were medium size adult males. Of the respondents, 52.5% were unaware of the reproductive condition, 41.0% of dogs were not sterilized and 6.4% were sterilized. Dogs without defined race caused 48.4% of accidents and 57.6% of assaults occurred in private places. In 56.2% assault victims were residents of the property or known people. Aggressions from unknown animals were more frequent on the street (30.8%). 67.5% remained with the animals' owners. The attacks were the result of interaction between man and dog and should be studied to identify which human and canine behaviors can trigger accidents, to understand how the interaction occurs in different situations whithin the same household, with acquaintances, on the street, and with unknown animals. Educational approaches detailing risks and prevention methods are essential.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Conducta Animal , Salud Pública , Agresión , Perros/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Caracterizaram-se as agressões por cães, o perfil das vítimas e dos agressores e as circunstâncias desses acidentes. Calculou-se a amostra aleatória a partir de 20 mil notificações/ano de agressões por cães e realizaram-se 594 entrevistas telefônicas. A maior frequência de agressões ocorreu no sexo masculino, faixa etária de cinco a 14 anos. Lesões leves representaram 80,4%. As profundas (19,1%) ocorreram por cães de porte médio seguidas pelos de grande porte. A maioria dos cães era macho adulto, porte médio. Dos entrevistados, 52,5% desconheciam a condição reprodutiva; 41,0% dos cães não eram esterilizados e 6,4% eram esterilizados. Cães sem raça definida (SRD) provocaram 48,4% dos acidentes, e 57,6% das agressões ocorreram em locais privados. Em 56,2% das agressões, as vítimas eram moradoras do imóvel ou pessoas conhecidas. Com animais não conhecidos a agressão mais frequente ocorreu na rua, 30,8%, e 67,5% dos donos permaneceram com os animais. As agressões foram resultantes da interação homem-cão e devem ser estudadas para se identificarem os possíveis comportamentos que desencadeiam a agressão pelo animal.
This study aimed to characterize aggression by dogs, the profile of victims, and perpetrators and circumstances of these accidents. Understanding the interaction between victims and aggressive dogs contributes to preventing aggression. The random sample from 20.000 reports / year of attacks by dogs was calculated and 594 telephone interviews were conducted. The highest frequency of assaults occurred in males from 5 to 14 years of age. Non-severe injuries represented 80.4%. Deep lesions (19.1%) were caused by medium and large dogs. Most dogs were medium size adult males. Of the respondents, 52.5% were unaware of the reproductive condition, 41.0% of dogs were not sterilized and 6.4% were sterilized. Dogs without defined race caused 48.4% of accidents and 57.6% of assaults occurred in private places. In 56.2% assault victims were residents of the property or known people. Aggressions from unknown animals were more frequent on the street (30.8%). 67.5% remained with the animals' owners. The attacks were the result of interaction between man and dog and should be studied to identify which human and canine behaviors can trigger accidents, to understand how the interaction occurs in different situations whithin the same household, with acquaintances, on the street, and with unknown animals. Educational approaches detailing risks and prevention methods are essential.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Agresión , Conducta Animal , Salud Pública , Perros/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The nucleotide sequences of the 5S rRNA multigene family and their distribution across the karyotypes in 2 species of Gymnotiformes, genus Gymnotus (G. sylvius and G. inaequilabiatus) were investigated by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed the existence of 2 distinct classes of 5S rDNA sequences in both species: class I and class II. A high conservative pattern of the codifying region of the 5S rRNA gene was identified, contrasting with significant alterations detected in the nontranscribed spacer (NTS). The presence of TATA-like sequences along the NTS of both species was an expected occurrence, since such sequences have been associated with the regulation of the gene expression. FISH using 5S rDNA class I and class II probes revealed that both gene classes were collocated in the same chromosome pair in the genome of G. sylvius, while in that of G. inaequilabiatus, class II appeared more disperse than class I.
Asunto(s)
Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos , Genoma/genética , Gymnotiformes/genética , ARN Ribosómico 5S/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Electroforesis en Gel de Agar , Gymnotiformes/clasificación , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Cariotipo , Cariotipificación , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Comparative cytogenetic studies carried out in two populations of Characidium cf. gomesi from Botucatu region, SP, Brazil, showed a similar karyotypic structure in a diploid number of 50 chromosomes, 32 metacentric and 18 submetacentric chromosomes for males and 31 metacentric and 19 submetacentric chromosomes for females as well as a ZZ-ZW sex chromosome system. Differences between both populations, however, were found in relation to the occurrence of B chromosomes and the distribution of 18S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites. Characidium cf. gomesi from the Alambari Stream, a component of the Tietê River basin, revealed 18S rDNA on Z and W chromosomes, while this gene was located on autosomes in the sample from the Paranapanema River basin. The 5S rDNA sites were observed in a single chromosomal pair (number 25) in the populations from Paranapanema and in two pairs in the specimens from Tietê (numbers 20 and 25). Besides that, in the sample from Paranapanema, both inter and intra-individual variations were found due to the occurrence of up to four heterochromatic supernumerary chromosomes in the cells. The life mode of this fish, restricted to headwaters and subjected to frequent breakdown into sub-populations, may have contributed to the fixation of such chromosomal differences. The karyotypic similarities found in the analysed populations, however, suggest that all are descended from the same ancestor group whereas their differences indicate that they are already existing in reproductively isolated populations.
Asunto(s)
Peces/genética , Cromosomas Sexuales , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Brasil , Análisis Citogenético , Femenino , Masculino , RíosRESUMEN
El isoflurano fué empleado como agente anestésico único em 30 pacientes pediátricos com promedio de edad de 20,6 ñ 7,2 meses y promedio ponderal de 10,4 ñ 3,4 Kg, sometidos a cirugías electivas. Em 28 niños se practicó entubación orotraqueal, facilitada, en 25 por la adminsitración venosa de succinilcolina, 1,0 mg. Kg-1. Todos los niños fueron mantenidos bajo ventilación espontánea, utilizandose, en 28 un sistema sin reinhalación conectado al tubo traqueal, y, en 2, el filtro circular de Takaoka acolplado a la máscara facial. El tiempo de indución fué, de 75,0 ñ 29,2 s de promedio (extremos de 30 a 270 s). El tiempo de recuperación de la anestesia fué de 7,8 ñ 2,4 min de promedio (extremos de 3 y 12 min). El consumo promedio de isoflurano fué de 23,3 ñ 5,8 ml. h-1). No ocurrieron variaciones individuales superiores a 20% del controle en los parámetros cardiorrespiratórios monitorizados (FC, PAS, PAD, f), ni disritmias cardiacas en el ECG. Concluimos que el isoflurano constituye una buena opción en anestesia pediátrica donde se necesita mayor estabilidad cardiovascular y donde es mandatoria la rápida recuperación póst-anestésica
Asunto(s)
Lactante , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anestesia por Inhalación , Isoflurano/administración & dosificación , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Intubación Intratraqueal , Succinilcolina/administración & dosificaciónAsunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anemia , Recuento de Eritrocitos , BrasilRESUMEN
Foi efetuado um esforço de integraçäo de serviços a nível local, realizando um trabalho em conjunto com a Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN). O objetivo é diagnosticar, tratar e investigar os casos de esquitossomose e comunicantes na populaçäo atendida pelos postos do Departamento de Saúde da Comunidade, Regiäo Sul. Demonstram que é possível, com os recursos a nível local, sem necessidade de recursos adicionais, viabilizar um projeto de ampliaçäo da atuaçäo dos Postos de Atendimento Médico da Prefeitura de Säo Paulo nos programas de Saúde Pública