RESUMEN

This study compared the physicochemical and technological properties of the IRGA 410 rice cultivar, obtained from organic and conventional cropping systems, and showed its susceptibility to changes during storage at 0, 6, and 12 mo. The rice conventional cropping system exhibited greater protein, lipids, and ash levels, and a head rice yield. However, organic rice presented greater total carbohydrates, soluble protein, amylose content, 33% greater free phenolics, and phenolic acids, but exhibited a greater percentage of stained grains during the storage period. The free phenolic content of cooked rice was lower than the free phenolic content of the raw rice. By Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer (LC-MS) were identified p-coumaric and ferulic acids in both fractions (free and bound). The content of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid in bound fraction was higher in organic brown rice than in conventional brown rice. At 6 and 12 mo of storage, the main fungi found were Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. Prior to storage, the Bipolaris sp. fungi was identified only in organic rice. For conventional rice, the infestation level by Aspergillus sp. increased from 3% to 70% at the 6th mo of storage. In addition to the advantage of organic rice being free of agrochemicals, this study revealed that natural plant defense compounds could be produced when the rice was subjected to more biotic and abiotic stresses. However, some disadvantages were observed, such as lower protein content and a greater percentage of soluble protein, which favored the breaking of rice in processing, and a greater percentage of grain stained before and during storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The organic and conventional cropping systems affect the physicochemical and technological properties of rice grains, which is one of the main cereals grown and consumed in the world. This study shows the advantages and disadvantages of the cropping system in grain properties that are in the interest of both consumers and processing industries.

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RESUMEN

Beans are an important food in the world and are present on the tables of Brazilians almost daily. The harvest of these grains occurs seasonally during the year, and hence, steps after harvesting are essential to maintain product demand. However, the drying and storage conditions may alter the characteristics of the beans, reducing their economic value and their acceptability to consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of storage time on the chemical, technological and enzymatic parameters of black beans dried at three temperatures (30, 45 and 60 C) and stored for 225 days in conventional woven polypropylene bags. The results show that the increase in storage time leads to a lower protein solubility, and a decreased content of tannins, lipids and proteins; and an increased cooking time, fat acidity, and the enzymatic activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. These parameters are important in the quality control of beans for consumption and as a raw material for the food industry. The quantity of broken grains and the grain roughness index are only influenced by the drying temperature regardless of the storage time of 225 days...

O feijão é um alimento importante em todo o mundo, estando presente quase que diariamente na mesa dos brasileiros. A colheita desses grãos ocorre sazonalmente durante o ano, e por isso, as etapas de pós-colheita são imprescindíveis para manter a demanda do produto, no entanto, as condições de secagem e armazenamento podem alteram suas características, reduzindo o valor econômico e a aceitabilidade dos consumidores. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tempo de armazenamento sobre parâmetros químicos, tecnológicos e enzimáticos de avaliação da qualidade de grãos de feijão preto secos em três temperaturas (30, 45 e 60C), e armazenados por 225 dias em um sistema convencional de sacos de polipropileno trançado. Os resultados mostram que o aumento do tempo de armazenamento provoca redução da solubilidade proteica, dos níveis de taninos, do conteúdo de lipídios e de proteínas, com o aumento do tempo de cocção, da acidez lipídica e da atividade enzimática da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase à 30, 45 e 60C. Esses parâmetros são importantes para o controle de qualidade dos grãos para o consumo e como matéria-prima para a indústria de alimentos. A quantidade de grãos quebrados e o índice de rugosidade dos grãos são alterados apenas pela temperatura de secagem, independentemente do tempo de armazenamento de 225 dias...

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RESUMEN

Beans are an important food in the world and are present on the tables of Brazilians almost daily. The harvest of these grains occurs seasonally during the year, and hence, steps after harvesting are essential to maintain product demand. However, the drying and storage conditions may alter the characteristics of the beans, reducing their economic value and their acceptability to consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of storage time on the chemical, technological and enzymatic parameters of black beans dried at three temperatures (30, 45 and 60 C) and stored for 225 days in conventional woven polypropylene bags. The results show that the increase in storage time leads to a lower protein solubility, and a decreased content of tannins, lipids and proteins; and an increased cooking time, fat acidity, and the enzymatic activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. These parameters are important in the quality control of beans for consumption and as a raw material for the food industry. The quantity of broken grains and the grain roughness index are only influenced by the drying temperature regardless of the storage time of 225 days...(AU)

O feijão é um alimento importante em todo o mundo, estando presente quase que diariamente na mesa dos brasileiros. A colheita desses grãos ocorre sazonalmente durante o ano, e por isso, as etapas de pós-colheita são imprescindíveis para manter a demanda do produto, no entanto, as condições de secagem e armazenamento podem alteram suas características, reduzindo o valor econômico e a aceitabilidade dos consumidores. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tempo de armazenamento sobre parâmetros químicos, tecnológicos e enzimáticos de avaliação da qualidade de grãos de feijão preto secos em três temperaturas (30, 45 e 60C), e armazenados por 225 dias em um sistema convencional de sacos de polipropileno trançado. Os resultados mostram que o aumento do tempo de armazenamento provoca redução da solubilidade proteica, dos níveis de taninos, do conteúdo de lipídios e de proteínas, com o aumento do tempo de cocção, da acidez lipídica e da atividade enzimática da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase à 30, 45 e 60C. Esses parâmetros são importantes para o controle de qualidade dos grãos para o consumo e como matéria-prima para a indústria de alimentos. A quantidade de grãos quebrados e o índice de rugosidade dos grãos são alterados apenas pela temperatura de secagem, independentemente do tempo de armazenamento de 225 dias...(AU)

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The effects of the type of solvolytic solution and number of extraction steps on the recovery of free phenolics, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins from different rice samples were evaluated. Moreover, bound phenolic acids were determined as a function of enzymatic and/or alkaline hydrolysis treatment of the rice residue obtained after the extraction of free phenolics. The Acetone/Water (70:30 v/v) was the most effective solvolytic solution for extracting free phenolics from pigmented rice, as well as anthocyanins from black and wild rice, and proanthocyanidins from red rice. The application of three extraction steps increased the recovery of free phenolics up to 10%. The adoption of an enzymatic treatment, with α-amylase in order to reduce the paste viscosity of the residue, increased the extractability of bound phenolics. α-Amylase at 37°C during 15min followed by an alkaline hydrolysis at 37°C was the best treatment for the recovery of bound phenolics.

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