RESUMEN
The defense mechanisms of endothelial cells (EC) against reactive oxygen species (ROS) are insufficiently characterized. We have addressed the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are relevant elements in this response. Cell viability, VEGF and VEGF receptor (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) expression, and transcription factor activation were studied on transient exposure of monolayer EC to H2O2. Wild-type and mutant inhibitors of kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) constructions were used to further assess the role of NF-kappaB in the induction of VEGFR2 expression. A concentration of H2O2>or=60 microM elicited clear-cut damaging effects on EC, whereas lower concentrations (2-4 microM) were cytoprotective. The cytoprotective effect was shifted to an EC-damaging pattern by means of specific VEGF blockade, therefore revealing a major role of autologous VEGF. Exposure to H2O2 increased VEGF and VEGFR2 mRNA and protein in EC, without affecting VEGFR1 expression. Also, H2O2 challenge was accompanied by increased NF-kappaB, activator protein-1, and specific protein-1 nuclear binding. A role of NF-kappaB as the mediator of the H2O2 induction of VEGFR2 mRNA expression was supported by inhibition by the ROS scavenger pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and by the blocking effect of transfected IkappaBalpha. Exposure to exogenous VEGF also increased VEGFR2 and induced NF-kappaB in EC. In summary, autologous VEGF is instrumental for EC protection induced by low concentrations of ROS. ROS induce expression not only of VEGF but also of VEGFR2. VEGFR2 increase by ROS is mainly driven through a NF-kappaB-dependent pathway.
Asunto(s)
Endotelio Vascular/fisiología , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/farmacología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Bovinos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Células Cultivadas , Endotelio Vascular/citología , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Proteínas I-kappa B/farmacología , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa , FN-kappa B/fisiología , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Pirrolidinas/farmacología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Tiocarbamatos/farmacología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Receptor 1 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Receptor 1 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that exogenous administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is protective against cyclosporine A (CsA) renal toxicity. No data are available, however, on the possible role of endogenous VEGF. Our objective was to examine whether endogenous VEGF has a significant role in the renal response against CsA toxicity. METHODS: In vivo, we used high-dose (50-150 mg/kg/day) CsA +/- specific goat anti-mouse VEGF blocking monoclonal antibody (alpha-VEGF) in mice. In vitro, we exposed mouse tubular cells (MCT) to CsA +/- alpha-VEGF. RESULTS: alpha-VEGF markedly enhanced CsA renal toxicity, inducing severe tubular damage and increased blood urea nitrogen. In animals treated with CsA + alpha-VEGF, damage progressed to generalized tubular injury (histology) and apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) with associated anemia and reticulocytosis (18 days of treatment). CsA + alpha-VEGF treatments strikingly increased tubular VEGF and Bcl-xL proteins. In vitro, autocrine production of VEGF by MCT was identified by Western blot. Of specific interest, CsA toxicity in MCT increased significantly in the presence of alpha-VEGF. CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous VEGF has a relevant role in the renal tubular defense against CsA toxicity. Blockade of the VEGF effect by alpha-VEGF results in clear-cut intensification of the tubular injury and appearance of regenerative anemia in the CsA + alpha-VEGF-treated animals. The occurrence of both in vivo and in vitro effects of VEGF blockade provides evidence of a direct protective effect of VEGF on the tubular cell.
Asunto(s)
Ciclosporina/envenenamiento , Citoprotección/fisiología , Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial/fisiología , Inmunosupresores/envenenamiento , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/fisiología , Túbulos Renales/efectos de los fármacos , Túbulos Renales/fisiología , Linfocinas/fisiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial/inmunología , Femenino , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/inmunología , Túbulos Renales/patología , Linfocinas/inmunología , Ratones , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular , Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular , Proteína bcl-XRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation is a critical factor in processes involving ischaemia/ reperfusion. However, the precise mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce vascular damage are insufficiently known. Specifically, activation of phospholipase C gamma (PLCgamma) is a probable candidate pathway involved in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) activation by H2O2. METHODS: The activation of human venous VSMC was measured as cytosolic free calcium mobilization, shape change and protein phosphorylation, focusing on the role of tyrosine phosphorylation-activated PLCgamma. RESULTS: The exposure of VSMC to exogenous H2O2 caused a rapid increase in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and induced a significant VSMC shape change. Both effects were dependent on a tyrosine kinase-mediated mechanism, as determined by the blockade of short-term treatment of VSMC with the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. Giving further support to the putative role of phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent pathways, the [Ca2+]i and VSMC shape change response were equally inhibited by the specific PLC blocker, 1-(6-((17-beta-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122). In addition, U73122 had a protective effect against the deleterious action (24 h) of H2O2 on non-confluent VSMC. As a further clarification of the specific pathway involved, the exposure to H2O2 significantly stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCgamma with a concentration- and time-profile similar to that of [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals that H(2)O(2) activates PLCgamma on VSMC through tyrosine phosphorylation and that this activation has a major role in rapid [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization, shape-changing actions and damage by H(2)O(2) in this type of cells. These findings have direct implications for understanding the mechanisms of the vascular actions of H(2)O(2) and may help to design pharmacologically protective strategies.
Asunto(s)
Peróxido de Hidrógeno/toxicidad , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Fosfolipasas de Tipo C/metabolismo , Calcio/metabolismo , Señalización del Calcio/efectos de los fármacos , Tamaño de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Manganeso/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/citología , Fosfolipasa C gamma , Fosforilación , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMEN
The N-terminal region of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) interacts with a common PTH/PTHrP receptor in osteoblasts. These cells synthesize PTHrP, but its role in bone turnover is unclear. Intermittent treatment with N-terminal PTHrP or PTH stimulates bone growth in vivo, possibly by increasing local bone factors. In addition, C-terminal PTHrP (107-139), which does not bind to the PTH/PTHrP receptor, appears to affect bone resorption in vivo and in vitro, although its effect on bone formation in vivo remains controversial. Bone angiogenesis is an often overlooked but critical event in the process of bone remodeling. Recently, PTH (1-34) has been shown to induce gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor, by osteoblastic cells. However, no data are available on the effect of PTHrP (107-139) on VEGF expression in these cells. Using semiquantitative reverse transcription followed by PCR, we found that PTHrP (107-139), between 10 nM and 1 pM, increased VEGF mRNA in human osteoblastic (hOB) cells from trabecular bone. This effect of this agonist, at 10 nM, was maximal (fivefold for VEGF(165), and twofold for VEGF(121), compared to control) within 1 to 4 h. This effect was similar to that induced by PTHrP (1-34) in these cells, as well as in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells, using Northern blot analysis. Moreover, the effect of both peptides, added together at 100 pM, was not higher than that observed with each peptide alone in hOB cells. The effects of PTHrP (107-139) and that of PTHrP (1-34) were abolished by actinomycin D in hOB cells. In these cells, the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, but not the protein kinase A inhibitor H89, inhibited the increase in VEGF mRNA induced by 10 nM PTHrP (107-139). PTHrP (107-139), at 10 nM, also stimulated cytosolic VEGF immunostaining in hOB cells, and VEGF secretion into the medium conditioned by hOB or MG-63 cells for 24 h, which was (ng/mg protein): 10 +/- 1 or 5 +/- 3 (control), respectively, and 21 +/- 1 or 11 +/- 2 (PTHrP [107-139]-stimulated), respectively. Furthermore, medium conditioned by these cells for 24 h in the presence of 10 nM PTHrP (107-139), with or without 10 nM PTHrP (1-34), increased about 30% bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) growth at 48 h. This effect was inhibited by adding a specific anti-VEGF antibody to the BAEC incubation medium. These findings demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of PTHrP induces expression and secretion of VEGF, a main angiogenic factor, in hOB cells and MG-63 cells. This relationship between PTHrP and VEGF has potential implications for both bone vascularization and bone formation, and neoangiogenesis in PTHrP-producing tumors.