RESUMEN
A 90 mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad del área de atracción del Programa de Atención Integral en Salud, PAIS, se les midió la tasa metabólica basal por calorimetría indirecta y se les evaluó tanto el nivel de actividad física como la ingesta de energía y macronutrientes. Se observó una correlación positiva entre el Indice de Masas Corporal y la tasa metabólica basal de estas mujeres. Aunque se encontró diferencia significativa entre el gasto metabólico basal estimado por la ecuación de Harris-Benedict y el gasto metabólico basal medido por calorimetría indirecta, no se encontró diferencia significativa en el total de energía expedida obtenida por ambos métodos. En estas pacientes con sobrepeso no se encontró diferencia significativa entre el gasto energético total y la ingesta energética diaria obtenida, lo que sugiere un estado de equilibrio energético adaptado a la nueva condición de fisiológica. Según la distribución de macronutrientes fue la grasa la que excedió la recomendación dietética diaria.
A group of 90 women with overweight and obesity, residing in the area covered by the Program for Integral Attention in Health (PAIS) participated in this study. The following measurements were made: basal metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry, level of physical activity and intake of energy and macronutrients. There was a positive correlation between Body Mass Index and the basal metabolic rate for these women. Although a significant difference was found between the average basal metabolic expenditure of the group, as estimated by the Harris-Benedict equation and average basal metabolic expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry, there was no significant difference between total energy expenditure as estimated by both methods. No significant difference was found between average energy expenditure and average energy intake for these women, suggesting a state of energy balance which is an adaption to the new physiological condition. According to the distribution of macronutrients, fat intake exceeded nutritional recommendations.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Metabolismo Basal , Metabolismo Energético , Ciencias de la Nutrición , Necesidades Nutricionales , Obesidad , Costa RicaRESUMEN
In order to determine the role of water as a possible vector for transmission of the most prevalent enteric viruses affecting infantile populations, 226 water samples were collected from Facatativa's (Colombian municipality located 30km away from Bogotá) water works in the years 2000, 2002, and 2005. The samples were clarified and virus was concentrated by filtering and ultrafiltering techniques. The presence of viral protein (VP) was assessed by enzyme immunoassay method (EIA) and viral RNA presence was detected by reverse trascriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using these techniques, one sample positive for Astrovirus (HAstV) was found in a sample collected from the river that supplies the aqueduct, two samples positive for Norovirus (NV) from fresh treated potable water and 13 samples positive for Rotavirus (RV), some in water from the plant during treatment and others from treated fresh water. RT-PCR inhibitors were also found in water samples obtained from the plant and in the fresh treated water. No inhibitors were found in the river water. VP, but no nucleic acid, was detected in the water samples at different stages of treatment, thus suggesting that the virus might have been complete and infectious at some stage prior to water purification.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/virología , Mamastrovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Norovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Abastecimiento de Agua/análisis , Infecciones por Caliciviridae/transmisión , Colombia , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Gastroenteritis/virología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/prevención & control , Humanos , Infecciones por Rotavirus/transmisiónRESUMEN
The present cross sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among children by means of clinics and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC), and nutritional status by anthropometric indicators H//A, W//A, W//H. The study population included 157 children 2-6 y old, from urban and rural slums of Maracaibo, Venezuela, Conjunctival impression cytology was performed by ICEPO standard procedure. Z-score was applied to anthropometric data with reference values of NCHS-WHO. No evidence of clinical or ophthalmologic signs of vitamin A deficiency were detected. The prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency, as detected by abnormal CIC, was 35.4%, being higher in rural children (48.3%). These prevalence values are higher than the criteria laid down by WHO/UNICEF to indicate a public health problem (> 20%). Mild or moderate protein-energy global malnutrition and stunting were detected in 36.1% and 44.6% of children, respectively. Abnormal CIC was indistinctly observed (approximately equal to 35%) as much in children with adequate nutrition as in malnourished ones. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the CIC results in relation to nutritional status. The findings indicate that CIC and Z-score of nutritional anthropometric data are useful to characterize the risk of vitamin A deficiency and of malnutrition in communities. Beside the implementation of an integral nutritional program which includes supplementation, food fortification and dietary diversification, improvement of socio-economic and sanitation conditions and also the educational level, with emphasis on nutritional and health education, are highly recommended.
Asunto(s)
Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/epidemiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/epidemiología , Antropometría , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Niño , Preescolar , Conjuntiva/citología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Pobreza , Prevalencia , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/diagnóstico , Venezuela/epidemiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Samples of albino mice were processed by the cryofracture method for scanning electron microscopy and examined with the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Freeze-etching direct replicas of mice cerebellar cortex were also studied with the transmission electron microscope (FFTEM), as a complementary technique for obtaining higher resolution, three-dimensional correlative images of cerebellar synaptic contacts. At the granular, Purkinje cells and molecular layers, the cryofracture method for FESEM selectively removed the neuroglial cell investment, facilitating the visualization of the outer and inner surfaces of cerebellar synaptic contacts. In addition, FFTEM showed the real extension of perisynaptic neuroglial investment. The outer surface of mossy fiber rosettes and their digitiform processes were seen at the granular layer, making flat and invaginated synaptic contacts with the granule cell dendrites. At the molecular layer, the longitudinal traject of parallel fibers or nonsynaptic segments and their synaptic varicosities were characterized. These latter established synaptic contacts with Purkinje dendritic spines. Fractured parallel fiber endings showed the SE-I images of clustered spheroidal synaptic vesicles and mitochondria and the surrounding cotton-like appearance of Bergmann glial cell cytoplasm. Climbing fibers showed a characteristic crossing-over bifurcation pattern in the white matter and in the three-layer structure of cerebellar cortex, formation of tendril collaterals in the granular layer, topographical relationship with Purkinje cell soma and retrograde collaterals in the molecular layer. The climbing fiber synaptic relationship with Purkinje dendritic spines was characterized, by means of FFTEM, by the presence of large synaptic endings and aggregation of intramembrane particles at the P and E faces of presynaptic endings, characteristic of excitatory synapses.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/ultraestructura , Uniones Comunicantes/ultraestructura , Animales , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Técnica de Fractura por Congelación/métodos , Ratones , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/métodos , Células de Purkinje/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
The intracortical pathways of climbing fibers were traced in several vertebrate cerebella using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were identified as fine fibers up to 1(micron thick, with a characteristic crossing-over bifurcation pattern. Climbing fiber collaterals were tridimensionally visualized forming thin climbing fiber glomeruli in the granular layer. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed three types of collateral processes at the interface between granular and Purkinje cell layers. Scanning electron microscopy showed climbing fiber retrograde collaterals in the molecular layer. Asymmetric synaptic contacts of climbing fibers with Purkinje dendritic spines and stellate neuron dendrites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Correlative microscopy allowed us to obtain the basic three-dimensional morphological features of climbing fibers in several vertebrates and to show with more accuracy a higher degree of lateral collateralization of these fibers within the cerebellar cortex. The correlative microscopy approach provides new views in the cerebellar cortex information processing.
Asunto(s)
Axones/ultraestructura , Corteza Cerebelosa/ultraestructura , Dendritas/ultraestructura , Vías Nerviosas/ultraestructura , Núcleo Olivar/ultraestructura , Células de Purkinje/ultraestructura , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Axones/fisiología , Corteza Cerebelosa/fisiología , Niño , Dendritas/fisiología , Peces , Cobayas , Humanos , Macaca mulatta/anatomía & histología , Macaca mulatta/fisiología , Ratones , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Núcleo Olivar/fisiología , Células de Purkinje/fisiología , Trucha/anatomía & histología , Trucha/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The intracortical pathways of climbing fibers were traced in several vertebrate cerebella using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were identified as fine fibers up to 1(micron thick, with a characteristic crossing-over bifurcation pattern. Climbing fiber collaterals were tridimensionally visualized forming thin climbing fiber glomeruli in the granular layer. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed three types of collateral processes at the interface between granular and Purkinje cell layers. Scanning electron microscopy showed climbing fiber retrograde collaterals in the molecular layer. Asymmetric synaptic contacts of climbing fibers with Purkinje dendritic spines and stellate neuron dendrites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Correlative microscopy allowed us to obtain the basic three-dimensional morphological features of climbing fibers in several vertebrates and to show with more accuracy a higher degree of lateral collateralization of these fibers within the cerebellar cortex. The correlative microscopy approach provides new views in the cerebellar cortex information processing.
RESUMEN
Modifications of glycosaminoglycans at neuropile of rat and chicken cerebellum during development were histochemically studied. The application of Alcian Blue staining techniques and enzymatic degradations permitted to reveal in both species that in earlier stages of cerebellar development hyaluronic acid is present throughout neuropile of entire cerebellum but it accumulated preferentially at the medullary region and around precursory Purkinje cells where it showed a mucoid-like appearance. This substance was related with cell migration and aligning processes. At the middle of cerebellar development, around 2nd postnatal week in rat and 12-16 embryonary days in chick, a new polyanionic transient accumulation, presumably chondroitinsulphate, became present at the medullary region following the longitudinal axis of folium and limiting the forming granular layer, being this substance mainly related with polarity processes by controlling or guiding the growing cones of afferent fibers, which enter massively to cerebellar cortex. It disappeared as myelination progressed. Also from the middle stage of development onward, beside glycosaminoglycans, other polyanionic substances were present at the molecular and granular layer neuropile and at the cytoplasm of some nerve cells. These macromolecules were rather related with nerve cell differentiation and maturation.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebelosa/química , Glicosaminoglicanos/análisis , Azul Alcián , Animales , Corteza Cerebelosa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pollos , Sulfatos de Condroitina/análisis , Histocitoquímica , Ácido Hialurónico/análisis , RatasRESUMEN
Developmentally regulated modifications of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the central nervous system (CNS) have suggested that also in the CNS, these compounds might participate in morphogenesis and nerve cell differentiation. However very few studies have been reported concerning the regional distribution of these compounds by histochemical techniques. We have used the Alcian Blue staining method also in conjunction with enzymatic digestion and with a technique which allowed the measurement of the degree of GAG sulphatation. The combination of the three techniques showed that during the first week GAGs, presumed to be hyaluronic acid, are localized throughout the neuropile of the entire cerebellum and especially in the medullary region. Sulphated glycans appear later in the medullary region (particularly at the border between the medullary region and the internal granular layer) and in all the layers of cerebellum (in particular around the Purkinje and deep cerebellar nuclei neurons and possibly in the cerebellar glomeruli). Sulphated glycans in the medullary region disappear around the 12th day when myelination starts. The transient presence of glycoproteins in the molecular layer was also detected.