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This study aimed at evaluating diets containing different fiber sources and two crude protein levels on the performance, egg quality, and nitrogen metabolism of commercial layers. In total, 392 48-wk-old Isa Brown layers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 3x2+1 (control) factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. Treatments consisted of three fiber feedstuffs (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, and rice hulls) and two dietary crude protein levels (12% and 16%). Cottonseed hulls associated with the high crude protein level (16%) resulted in the worst feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs. Diets with 16% crude protein resulted in the highest feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass values, and improved feed conversion ratio (kg eggs/kg feed). The dietary inclusion of soybean hulls determined low yolk pigmentation, and of rice hulls, low egg specific gravity. The 16% crude protein diet with rice hulls promoted the best feed conversion ratio. Hens fed the reference diet presented higher egg mass and better feed conversion ratio per kg eggs and per dozen eggs. Hens fed the diets with low crude protein level (12%) had reduced nitrogen excretion, but presented worse egg production.

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This study aimed at evaluating diets containing different fiber sources and two crude protein levels on the performance, egg quality, and nitrogen metabolism of commercial layers. In total, 392 48-wk-old Isa Brown layers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 3x2+1 (control) factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. Treatments consisted of three fiber feedstuffs (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, and rice hulls) and two dietary crude protein levels (12% and 16%). Cottonseed hulls associated with the high crude protein level (16%) resulted in the worst feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs. Diets with 16% crude protein resulted in the highest feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass values, and improved feed conversion ratio (kg eggs/kg feed). The dietary inclusion of soybean hulls determined low yolk pigmentation, and of rice hulls, low egg specific gravity. The 16% crude protein diet with rice hulls promoted the best feed conversion ratio. Hens fed the reference diet presented higher egg mass and better feed conversion ratio per kg eggs and per dozen eggs. Hens fed the diets with low crude protein level (12%) had reduced nitrogen excretion, but presented worse egg production.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the drinking water of the School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil, affected bone mineral density and serum calcium levels of 14-, 21-, and 45-day-old broilers. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibiae was assessed using optical densitometry radiographic technique and serum calcium levels. Tibial BMD increased as broilers aged, and achieved its peak at 45 days of age. It was higher in the distal epiphysis of the birds that ingested filtered water (p 0.05) compared with those supplied with unfiltered water. Therefore, it is concluded that filtered water promoted better bone quality in relative to those ingested unfiltered water.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the drinking water of the School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil, affected bone mineral density and serum calcium levels of 14-, 21-, and 45-day-old broilers. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibiae was assessed using optical densitometry radiographic technique and serum calcium levels. Tibial BMD increased as broilers aged, and achieved its peak at 45 days of age. It was higher in the distal epiphysis of the birds that ingested filtered water (p 0.05) compared with those supplied with unfiltered water. Therefore, it is concluded that filtered water promoted better bone quality in relative to those ingested unfiltered water.(AU)

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Histological diagnosis determines the clinical behavior of colorectal polyps. Recently new types of polyps have been described and the classification has become wider and more complex. Our aim is update the current concepts in the knowledge of colorectal polyps.

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El diagnóstico histológico de los pólipos colorrectales determina la conducta que tomará el médico especialista con el paciente. Con la aparición de nuevos pólipos en los últimos años, la clasificación histológica se ha tornado más compleja y amplia. Nuestro objetivo es actualizar los conceptos en el diagnóstico histológico de pólipos de colon de una manera clara y de fácil comprensión, especialmente para gastroenterólogos y patólogos.

Histological diagnosis determines the clinical behavior of colorectal polyps. Recently new types of polyps have been described and the classification has become wider and more complex. Our aim is update the current concepts in the knowledge of colorectal polyps.

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Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as variáveis de desempenho e características ósseas, pôde-se sugerir que a exigência de fósforo disponível, para frangos de corte machos, de 1 a 28 dias de idade, é de 0,48% de fósforo disponível, independente da fonte utilizada.(AU)

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphate sources and available phosphorus levels present in the diet of male broilers had on performance and bone mineralization. We used 2,400 one-day old chicks that were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4x4 factorial arrangement, and fed diets containing four types of phosphates: 1) dicalcium phosphate with granules smaller than 1 mm (DP); 2) monocalcium phosphate with up to 10% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP 10%); 3) monocalcium phosphate with 30 to 40% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP 30-40%); and, 4) granulated monocalcium phosphate with granules larger than 2 mm (GMP) and four levels (0.30; 0.36; 0.42 and 0.48%) of available phosphorus, totaling 16 treatments with five replicates of 30 birds each. The available phosphorus requirements for each type of phosphates were estimated by polynomial regression models. Considering the biological responses of the variables, performance and bone mineralization, it could be concluded that 0.48% of available phosphorus is required for male broilers aged between 1 and 28 days, independent of the source.(AU)

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One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different lysine and methionine + cystine levels on body weight recovery, performance, and egg quality of laying hens during the post-molting period. In this trial, 432 Isa Brown layers, with 72 weeks of age, were distributed in 54 cages according to a completely randomized design with six treatments and nine replicates of eight birds each. During the resting period, six diets with different digestible lysine and methionine + cystine levels were used, as follows: 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.43% methionine + cystine; 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.47% methionine + cystine; 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.52% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.50% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.56% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.62% methionine + cystine. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared at by Tukeys test at 5% probability level. The different lysine and methionine + cystine levels in the diets fed during the resting period significantly influenced layer performance. The diet containing 0.56% lysine and 0.56% methionine + cystine promoted higher egg weight eggs during the second production cycle.

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Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as variáveis de desempenho e características ósseas, pôde-se sugerir que a exigência de fósforo disponível, para frangos de corte machos, de 1 a 28 dias de idade, é de 0,48% de fósforo disponível, independente da fonte utilizada.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphate sources and available phosphorus levels present in the diet of male broilers had on performance and bone mineralization. We used 2,400 one-day old chicks that were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4x4 factorial arrangement, and fed diets containing four types of phosphates: 1) dicalcium phosphate with granules smaller than 1 mm (DP); 2) monocalcium phosphate with up to 10% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP – 10%); 3) monocalcium phosphate with 30 to 40% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP – 30-40%); and, 4) granulated monocalcium phosphate with granules larger than 2 mm (GMP) and four levels (0.30; 0.36; 0.42 and 0.48%) of available phosphorus, totaling 16 treatments with five replicates of 30 birds each. The available phosphorus requirements for each type of phosphates were estimated by polynomial regression models. Considering the biological responses of the variables, performance and bone mineralization, it could be concluded that 0.48% of available phosphorus is required for male broilers aged between 1 and 28 days, independent of the source.

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Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as

RESUMEN

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as

RESUMEN

One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different lysine and methionine + cystine levels on body weight recovery, performance, and egg quality of laying hens during the post-molting period. In this trial, 432 Isa Brown layers, with 72 weeks of age, were distributed in 54 cages according to a completely randomized design with six treatments and nine replicates of eight birds each. During the resting period, six diets with different digestible lysine and methionine + cystine levels were used, as follows: 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.43% methionine + cystine; 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.47% methionine + cystine; 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.52% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.50% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.56% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.62% methionine + cystine. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared at by Tukey's test at 5% probability level. The different lysine and methionine + cystine levels in the diets fed during the resting period significantly influenced layer performance. The diet containing 0.56% lysine and 0.56% methionine + cystine promoted higher egg weight eggs during the second production cycle.(AU)

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he objective of the presente study was to evaluate the effects on different dietary fiber sources and crude protein levels on the intestinal morphometry of commercial layers. Isa Brown® layers with 48 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. At the end of the fourth experimental period (28 days each), birds were 64 weeks of age and were randomly chosen (two birds per replicate, totaling 14 birds per treatment), weighed and sacrificed by neck dislocation. Their intestine was dissected and the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected for subsequent analysis of intestinal morphometry. Treatments consisted of diets containing three different fiber sources (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls or rice husks) and two crude protein levels (12% or 16%). Soybean hulls and 16% crude protein level promoted, in general, an increase in villus height and crypt depth in the three intestinal segments. In the duodenum, the control diet resulted in higher villus height and crypt depth relative to the diets containing fiber. In the jejunum, higher crypt depth values. In the ileum, dietary fiber increased villus height as compared to the control diet.

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Ensaios para avaliar o potencial antibacteriano de Rhizophora mangle (mangue-vermelho), coletada no município de Conde, Bahia, foram realizados com cepas bacterianas Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341) e Gram-negativas (Echerichia coli ATCC 10536, Salmonella Cholerea-suis 10708, Klebsiela pneumoniae ATCC 700603 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442). A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelos métodos de difusão em disco e concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. Os resultados do ensaio de difusão em disco mostraram diferença significativa quanto à sensibilidade dos micro-organismos frente aos extratos testados (p<0,05). A CIM do extrato da folha (313 µg mL-1) apresentou o melhor desempenho para inibir o crescimento das cepas Gram-positivas, enquanto o extrato da casca foi mais eficaz para as cepas Gram-negativas. De acordo com os dados levantados por este estudo, R. mangle apresentou propriedade antibacteriana para cepas Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, podendo tornar-se alternativa terapêutica tanto para o uso popular quanto para a indústria farmacêutica.

Assays to evaluate the antibacterial potential of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), sampled at Conde Municipality, Bahia State, Brazil, were performed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341) and Gram-negative (Echerichia coli ATCC 10536, Salmonella Cholerea-suis 10708, Klebsiela pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442) bacteria. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and results were statistically analyzed. The results of disc diffusion assay showed a significant difference as to the sensitivity of microorganisms against the tested extracts (p<0.05). The MIC of leaf extract (313 µg mL-1) indicated the best performance to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive strains, while bark extract had a better efficacy against Gram-negative strains. Based on the presented data, R. mangle showed antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains and can be used as an alternative therapy for popular use or for the pharmaceutical industry.

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he objective of the presente study was to evaluate the effects on different dietary fiber sources and crude protein levels on the intestinal morphometry of commercial layers. Isa Brown® layers with 48 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. At the end of the fourth experimental period (28 days each), birds were 64 weeks of age and were randomly chosen (two birds per replicate, totaling 14 birds per treatment), weighed and sacrificed by neck dislocation. Their intestine was dissected and the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected for subsequent analysis of intestinal morphometry. Treatments consisted of diets containing three different fiber sources (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls or rice husks) and two crude protein levels (12% or 16%). Soybean hulls and 16% crude protein level promoted, in general, an increase in villus height and crypt depth in the three intestinal segments. In the duodenum, the control diet resulted in higher villus height and crypt depth relative to the diets containing fiber. In the jejunum, higher crypt depth values. In the ileum, dietary fiber increased villus height as compared to the control diet.(AU)

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We report a case of a 29-year old man who initially presented with a single episode of syncope. The initial electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation and an ST segment elevation on lead V1. A flecainide test unmasked the Brugada syndrome. The pathophysiology of Brugada syndrome and atrial fibrillation in this patient could be connected by sodium channel dysfunction throughout the heart. In addition, we reviewed the possible connection between Brugada syndrome and atrial fibrillation.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de rações de poedeiras comerciais formuladas com fitase e níveis de proteína bruta sobre a excreção de fósforo, nitrogênio e cálcio, visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental. Foram alojadas 96 poedeiras comerciais com 44 semanas de idade da linhagem Isa Brown, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com quatro repetições de quatro aves cada. Os tratamentos constituíram de três níveis de proteína bruta (17, 15 e 13%) e dois níveis de inclusão da enzima fitase (0 e 500 FTU/kg ração). Para a constituição do ensaio, as aves passaram por um período de adaptação de três dias e outros quatro dias foram destinados às coletas das amostras, para posterior avaliação da percentagem de excreção de nitrogênio, fósforo e cálcio. Através dos resultados pode-se verificar que a enzima fitase utilizada permitiu diminuir a quantidade de fosfato bicálcico da ração proporcionando redução de 37,8% na excreção de fósforo. Similarmente, reduções dos níveis de proteína bruta (13%) da ração reduziram a excreção de nitrogênio em 29,4%, diminuindo o impacto ambiental causado pela excreção desses nutrientes. Em relação ao cálcio, não foi observado diferença na sua excreção quando foi adicionada a enzima fitase na ração, porém houve aumento linear da excreção com a redução da proteína bruta da ração.

The objective was to evaluate the use of formulated diets for laying hens with phytase and levels of crude protein on the excretion of phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium in order to reduce environmental impact. Were housed 96 laying hens at 44 weeks old Isa Brown line distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 3 x 2 with four replications of four hens each. The treatments consisted of three levels of crude protein (17, 15 and 13%) and two levels of phytase (0 and 500 FTU/kg diet). For the constitution of the trial, the hens went through an adjustment period of three days and four days were used to collect the sample for further evaluation of the percentage of excretion of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. Through the results can be seen that the enzyme phytase used thus reducing the amount of dicalcium phosphate feed providing 37.8% reduction in phosphorus excretion. Similarly, reductions in the levels of crude protein (13%) in the diet reduce nitrogen excretion by 29.4%, reducing the environmental impact caused by the excretion of these nutrients. For calcium, there was no difference in their excretion when phytase was added to the diet, but linearly increased with the reduction in the excretion of dietary crude protein.

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Mango (Mangifera indica L) is one of the most important cash crops of northern Peru. Since 2003, adult mango trees (cvs. Criollo and Kent) located in Piura Province developed symptoms of dieback characterized by the death of twigs and branches in the tree canopy. Additional disease symptoms involved darkened, elongated lesions on the peduncle, causing an early maturation of the fruit, and in advanced symptoms, stem-end rot of fruits. Symptoms were frequent in the spring months (September to November) when the lesions expand rapidly. Diseased tissues from branches and fruits were collected and small pieces of necrotic tissues were surface disinfected and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 0.5 g L-1 streptomycin sulfate. Plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark. All affected tissues consistently developed colonies with a white mycelium, moderately dense, and becoming olivaceous gray after 5 to 6 days. Pycnidia were produced on sterile mango twigs placed on the surface of potato carrot agar (PCA) after 10 days. Conidia were hyaline, guttulate, aseptate, measuring (15-) 18.5 (-22.5) × (4-) 5.2 (-7.5) µm. Conidia became olivaceous and developed one or two septa before germination. Isolates were identified as Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers, & A.J.L. Phillips (1). DNA sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) genes were used to confirm the identification through BLAST searches in GenBank (ITS: 99% identity to Accession No. EU080928; EF1-α: 98% identity to Accession No. AY343367). Representative sequences of the studied DNA regions were deposited at GenBank (ITS: Accession No. FJ528596; EF1-α: Accession No. FJ528597). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 18-month-old potted mango plants cv. Kent with two N. parvum strains (A4 and A5). A mycelial plug (3 cm in diameter) taken from the margin of an actively growing colony of each isolate was put in a wound made with a cork borer of the same diameter on the stem of each plant. Inoculation wounds were wrapped with Parafilm. Controls were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. Ten replicates for each isolate were used with an equal number of control plants. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse with a temperature range of 22 to 28°C. After 4 weeks, mango plants showed necrotic stem lesions originating from the inoculation point affecting also the branches of the inoculated plants. No differences in lesion area between strains were obtained. No lesions developed in the control plants. Reisolations from necrotic tissues were successful and both isolates were morphologically identical to those used for inoculations. N. parvum was isolated from all symptomatic trees in all surveyed areas. This pathogen has already been reported on mango (2) and currently represents a serious problem in the mango-producing areas of Peru. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum affecting mango in Peru. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 97:99, 2005.

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Mesquite (Prosopis pallida (Wildenow) Kunth) is a drought-tolerant tree widely distributed in the northern Pacific Coast of South America. This species prevents soil erosion, provides shade, conserves prairies, supports bee nutrition, and provides fruits for human and animal consumption. Since the spring of 2004, bark lesions and bleeding cankers were observed on trunks and branches of 70% of declining mesquite trees in some parks at Ica in southern Peru. Badly affected trees were killed by the disease. Isolations were made from the edge of necrotic lesions of the inner bark and roots using PARPH medium (2) and incubated at 22°C for 7 days. A Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from lesions of 10 mesquite trees, and six pure cultures (PS-87-PS-92) were obtained by transferring hyphal tips and characterized. Colonies were stellate on V8 juice agar (VJA; 2 g CaCO3, 200 ml of V8 juice, and 15 g of agar in 800 ml of distilled water), uniform to slightly radiate on corn meal agar (Oxoid Ltd., London, England), and knotty on PDA (Biokar Diagnostics, Beauvais, France). On VJA at 22°C, the average radial growth rate for the six isolates was 1.7 mm per day. Colonies grew slowly at 5 and 25°C with 0.4 and 0.7 mm per day growth rate, respectively. There was no growth at 30°C. Catenulate hyphal swellings formed on VJA and liquid media (1.5% sterile soil extract). Sporangia were persistent, ovoid to obpyriform, semipapillate with narrow exit pores (<5.0 µm in diameter), 32.3 to 39.7 × 21.0 to 27.2 µm, with a length/width ratio of 1.4:1 to 1.6:1. Sporangia were produced by cutting 5-mm disks from the advancing margin of a colony on VJA and adding disks to 10 ml of 1.5% sterile soil extract for 4 to 5 days at 22°C under fluorescent light. Isolates were homothallic with spherical oogonia, 32 to 35 µm in width with paragynous antheridia, and aplerotic oospores, 26 to 31 µm. These characteristics fit the descriptions of Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. (1). Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions on the isolates and comparison with other sequences in GenBank showed that they were identical to P. syringae (Accession No. AJ854297 from Citrus limon). In 2005, two methods were used to inoculate mesquite with two isolates. One method used two 20-mm-diameter branches of five 5-year-old mesquite trees where a 5-mm wound was made with a cork borer and a 5-mm block of the agar culture was placed under the bark and sealed with Parafilm. Another method used 10 4-month-old potted plants that received a 30-ml drench of a 104 zoospores/ml suspension per plant. Controls received clean agar blocks and a sterile water drench for 10 control pots. Two weeks after inoculation, black areas and resinosis were observed around inoculated wounds. Inoculated branches produced cankers of 4.7 to 6.8 cm2, 4 weeks after inoculations. Twenty days after inoculation of roots, wilting and root rots of seedlings occurred. No symptoms were found on the control plants. P. syringae was reisolated from the diseased branches and root rots and pure cultures were established. This test was repeated for both methods with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. syringae in Peru and the first description of this pathogen on mesquite worldwide. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul MN. 1996. (2) S. N. Jeffers and S. B. Martin. Plant Dis. 70:1038, 1986.