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Opophytum forsskalii (O. forsskalii) is a desert plant that belongs to the Aizoaceae family. Although it is a natural food source for Bedouin tribes in northern Saudi Arabia, there is little information on its active metabolites. Therefore, the secondary metabolites of the hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of this species were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass chromatography (LC-MS). LC-MS identified a total of 30 secondary metabolites. These compounds represented two main categories among sixteen classes. Among them, flavonoids represented the largest proportion with eleven metabolites while fatty acids provided seven compounds. In addition, the extract was evaluated for its gastroprotective effect against gastric lesions induced by different models, such as indomethacin, stress, and necrotizing agents (80% ethanol, 0.2 mol/L NaOH, and 25% NaCl), in rats. For each method, group 1 was used as the control group while groups 2 and 3 received the leaf extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The ulcer index (UI) and intraluminal bleeding score (IBS) were measured for each method. In addition, gastric tissue from the ethanol method was used for the analysis of nonprotein sulfhydrates (NP-SH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein (TP), and histopathologic evaluation. Pretreatment with O. forsskalii significantly decreased UI (p < 0.01) and IBS (p < 0.01) at 400 mg/kg. Pretreatment with O. forsskalii significantly improved total protein levels (p < 0.01) and NP-SH (p < 0.001) compared to the ethanol ulcer groups. MDA levels increased from 0.5 to 5.8 nmol/g in the normal groups compared to the ethanol groups and decreased to 2.34 nmol/g in the O. forsskalii pretreatment. In addition to the gastroprotective markers, histopathological examination of gastric tissue confirmed the gastroprotective potential of O. forsskalii extract against ethanol.
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Background: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a non-communicable, life-threatening syndrome that is present all over the world. The use of eco-friendly, cost-effective and green synthesised nanoparticles (NPs) as a medicinal therapy in the treatment of T2DM is an attractive option. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of the phyto-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained from Phagnalon niveum plant methanolic extract. Methods: The green synthesised AgNPs made from Phagnalon niveum plant methanolic extract were analysed by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and the functional groups involved in the reduction of the silver ions (Ag+) were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The size and crystallinity were assessed via X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The morphology of AgNPs was confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The amount of silver (Ag) was estimated via energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. An intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg alloxan per kg albino Wistar rats' body weight, at eight weeks old and weighing 140-150 g, was used to induce diabetes mellitus (N = 25; n = 5/group). Group C: untreated normal control rats that only received distilled water, group DAC: diabetic control rats that received alloxan 200 mg/Kg body weight, DG: diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide at 0.5 mg/kg body weight, DE: diabetic rats that received methanolic P. niveum extract at 10 mg/Kg body weight, and DAgNPs: diabetic rates that received AgNPs synthesised from P. niveum at 10 mg/kg body weight. The blood glucose levels were monitored on days 0, 7, and 14, while lipid, liver, and kidney profiles were checked after dissection at the end of treatment (day 21). On the final day of the period study (day 21), an oral glucose tolerance test was carried out by administering orally 2 g/kg body weight of glucose to the respective groups, and the blood glucose level was checked. A fasting glucose level was measured using a glucometer. Urine samples were collected from each animal and analysed using lab-made assay kits for glucose, bilirubin, pH, leukocytes, and nitrite, among other factors. For statistical analyses, a one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test were applied. Results: The green-mediated synthesis of AgNPs using P. niveum methanolic extract produced spherical and mono-dispersed NPs with a size ranging from 12 to 28 nm (average: 21 nm). Importantly, a significant reduction of blood glucose levels and an increase in body weight, as well as a remarkable improvement in lipid, liver, and kidney profiles, were noticed. Conclusions: The biosynthesised AgNPs significantly improved the abnormalities in body weight, urine, and serum levels, indicating that it is a promising anti-diabetic agent.
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The herbal plant Petroselinum crispum (P. crispum) (Mill) is commonly available around the world. In this study, the leaves of the herbal plant P. crispum were collected from the central region of Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, to explore their in vitro pharmacological activity. Essential oil from the leaves of P. crispum was isolated using the hydrodistillation method. The composition of P. crispum essential oil (PCEO) was determined using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 67 components were identified, representing approximately 96.02% of the total volatile composition. Myristicin was identified as the principal constituent (41.45%). The in vitro biological activity was assessed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potential of PCEO. PCEO showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus among all the evaluated microbial species. In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation using albumin and trypsin assays showed the excellent anti-inflammatory potential of PCEO compared to the standard drugs. An in silico study of the primary PCEO compound was conducted using online tools such as PASS, Swiss ADME, and Molecular docking. In silico PASS prediction results supported our in vitro findings. Swiss ADME revealed the drug likeness and safety properties of the major metabolites present in PCEO. Molecular docking results were obtained by studying the interaction of Myristicin with an antifungal (PDB: 1IYL and 3LD6), antibacterial (PDB: 1AJ6 and 1JIJ), antioxidant (PDB: 3NM8 and 1HD2), and anti-inflammatory (3N8Y and 3LN1) receptors supported the in vitro results. Therefore, PCEO or Myristicin might be valuable for developing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs.
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Magnoliopsida/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Antiinfecciosos/análisis , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Simulación por Computador , Técnicas In Vitro , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Arabia SauditaRESUMEN
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with progressive neuronal damage and dysfunction. Oxidative stress helps to regulate neurodegenerative and neuronal dysfunction. Natural compounds could attenuate oxidative stress in a variety of neurological disorders. B. juncea is a rich source of antioxidants. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of B. juncea leaves for the treatment of PD by applying behavioral, in vivo and in silico studies. For in vivo studies rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Group-I served as normal control (vehicle control). Group-II was disease control (haloperidol 1 mg/kg). Group-III was kept as a standard group (L-Dopa 100 mg/kg + carbidopa 25 mg/kg). Groups (IV-VI) were the treatment groups, receiving extract at 200-, 400- and 600 mg/kg doses respectively, for 21 days orally. Results: In vivo study results showed that the extract was found to improve muscles strength, motor coordination, and balance in PD. These behavioral outcomes were consistent with the recovery of endogenous antioxidant defence in biochemical analysis which was further corroborated with histopathological ameliorations. Dopamine levels increased and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) levels decreased dose-dependently in the brain during the study. Herein, we performed molecular docking analysis of the proposed extracted phytochemicals has explained that four putative phytochemicals (sinapic acid, rutin, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid) have presented very good results in terms of protein-ligand binding interactions as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion & toxicity (ADMET) profile estimations. Conclusion: The undertaken study concluded the anti-Parkinson activity of B. juncea and further suggests developments on its isolated compounds in PD therapeutics.
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Levodopa , Planta de la Mostaza , Animales , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , RatasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In the present study, we explored the composition of Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L. leaves) essential oil (CEO) cultivated in Saudi Arabia (Al-Kharj) and explored its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. METHODS: Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was used to detect the CEO composition. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-induced free radical and ferric chloride scavenging methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using the well diffusion method. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using egg albumin and trypsin-induced inflammation methods. RESULTS: Forty-six compounds representing 90.17% of the total aroma were identified in the CEO; the major constituents were found to be 1-decanol (17.85%), decanal (11.04%), trans-2-dodecen-1-ol (7.87%), menthone (6.71%), 2-decen-1-ol, trans- (5.44%), dodecanal (4.76%), trans-tetradec-2-enal (3.14%), sedanolide (3.02), and thymol (3.01%). DPPH-induced free radical and ferric chloride scavenging assays demonstrated low antioxidant effects of CEO, and the antioxidant activity was observed at a high CEO concentration. The antimicrobial activity of CEO was assessed against 5 microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) by using well diffusion methods; CEO was found to possess excellent antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms, except Escherichia coli. Moreover, CEO demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity against egg albumin- and trypsin-induced inflammation. CONCLUSION: The essential oil extracted from C. sativum chemotype grown in Al-Kharj region of Saudi Arabia possesses low antioxidant potential, superior antimicrobial activity, and outstanding anti-inflammatory effects.
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OBJECTIVE: Precise knowledge of facial nerve anatomy is crucial for parotid surgery. Although several surgical landmarks to identify the facial nerve have been described in literature, their position is variable, inconsistent, and difficult to follow in some cases. The purpose of this study was to prove that the facial nerve trunk (FNT) is located midway between the mastoid tip (MT) and osteocartilaginous junction of the external auditory canal (EAC). METHODS: A prospective study of 7 frozen cadaver specimens, of which 13 facial sides were dissected. The distances between the osteocartilaginous junction and the MT, between the FNT and the MT, and between the FNT and the osteocartilaginous junction were recorded, respectively. RESULTS: The distance between the osteocartilaginous junction and the MT ranged from 17 to 21 mm, with a mean of 19.5 mm (SD = ±1.19). The mean distances between the osteocartilaginous junction and the FNT and between the MT and the FNT were 9.2 mm (±1.58) and 10.3 mm (±1.79), respectively. CONCLUSION: The FNT was consistently located close to the midpoint between mastoid tip inferiorly and bony-cartilaginous junction of the EAC superiorly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA.
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Canagliflozin (CNZ) is the first sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the proposed work, a sensitive, rapid and validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was established for the estimation of CNZ in human plasma for the first time. HPTLC analysis of CNZ and internal standard (sildenafil) was performed on glass coated silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates using a binary mixture of chloroform-methanol 9:1 (%, v/v) as the mobile phase. Densitometric detection was done at 295 nm. Retardation factor values were obtained as 0.22 and 0.52 for the CNZ and the IS, respectively. The linearity range of CNZ was obtained as 200-3,200 ng/ml. A simple protein precipitation method was used for the extraction of analyte from plasma using methanol. The proposed HPTLC technique was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. The proposed HPTLC technique was successfully utilized for the assessment of pharmacokinetic profile of CNZ in rats after oral administration. After oral administration, the peak plasma concentration of CNZ was obtained as 1458.01 ng/ml in 2 h. The proposed HPTLC method could be applied to the study of the pharmacokinetic profile of pharmaceutical formulations containing CNZ.