RESUMEN
The therapeutic efficacy of regular physical exercises in an animal model of epilepsy and depression comorbidity has been confirmed previously. In the present study, we examined the effects of endurance training on susceptibility to kainate (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE), behavioral changes and neuronal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Male SHRs were randomly divided into two groups. One group was exercised on a treadmill with submaximal loading for four weeks and the other group was sedentary. Immediately after the training period, SE was evoked in half of the sedentary and trained rats by KA, while the other half of the two groups received saline. Basal systolic (SP), diastolic (DP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of all rats were measured at the beginning and at the end of the training period. Anxiety, memory and depression-like behaviour were evaluated a month after SE. The release of 5-HT in the hippocampus was measured using a liquid scintillation method and neuronal damage was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. SP and MAP of exercised SHRs decreased in comparison with the initial values. The increased resistance of SHRs to KA-induced SE was accompanied by an elongated latent seizure-free period, improved object recognition memory and antidepressant effect after the training program. While the anticonvulsant and positive behavioral effects of endurance training were accompanied by an increase of 5-HT release in the hippocampus, it did not exert neuroprotective activity. Our results indicate that prior exercise is an effective means to attenuate KA-induced seizures and comorbid behavioral changes in a model of hypertension and epilepsy suggesting a potential influence of hippocampal 5-HT on a comorbid depression. However, this beneficial impact does not prevent the development of epilepsy and concomitant brain damage.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/toxicidad , Ácido Kaínico/toxicidad , Trastornos del Humor/etiología , Neuronas/patología , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Estado Epiléptico , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Adaptación a la Oscuridad/efectos de los fármacos , Adaptación a la Oscuridad/fisiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Preferencias Alimentarias/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos del Humor/rehabilitación , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Reconocimiento en Psicología/efectos de los fármacos , Serotonina/metabolismo , Estado Epiléptico/inducido químicamente , Estado Epiléptico/complicaciones , Estado Epiléptico/patologíaRESUMEN
AIM OF THE STUDY: In 2006-2008 a survey analyzing food patterns, intake of main food items and leisure time activities of 5,410 schoolchildren was carried out. METHODS: The study was performed in 13 randomly selected regions of Slovakia. 5,410 elementary school children (2,848 girls and 2,562 boys) aged from 6.3 to 15.9 years, mean age was 11 +/- 2.6 years, were included. The data collected by questionnaire concerned nutrition and leisure time activities. RESULTS: Noteworthy results are that only 63% of participants eat breakfast regularly. Almost all of the children eat lunch during workdays regularly and 60.9% prefer a cooked (hot) dish for supper. Although dairy products are a substantial part of child nutrition, in general their consumption in our sample was low. Only 50.1% of children consume these daily and 62% of children drink milk daily, more often boys than girls. A striking observation is that only 65.5% of interviewed pupils eat fruit every day and 30.9% of them eat vegetables daily. The frequency of consumption of poultry and pork in our sample was almost the same, however, the analysis showed that only 14% of children consume fish once per week. Moreover, only 12.6% of subjects prefer wholegrain bread. In our sample 56.8% of children eat sweets daily, 32% prefer a salty snack almost 2 times per week. Within the group of pupils 35.8% do not attend physical trainings even once a week. Almost every child is used to watch TV and 64% of them play PC games daily. While both girls and boys watched TV on average over 2 hours, boys spend more time on PC per day than girls (girls 0.72 hours per day vs. boys 1.13 hours per day, p < 0.001). The food patterns and leisure time activities of children older than 11 years and rural pupils were less favourable. CONCLUSIONS: According to results of our analysis we recommend to increase the consumption of dairy products, fresh fruits and vegetables in Slovak schoolchildren and spare no effort in making children to take breakfast regularly. It is necessary to promote daily moderate physical activity. Nutritional and lifestyle education should begin already in childhood.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Ejercicio Físico , Actividades Recreativas , Obesidad/epidemiología , Adolescente , Distribución por Edad , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias , Humanos , Masculino , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Eslovaquia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Angiotensin II (ANG II) significantly increased noradrenaline (NA) uptake by cortical, hypothalamic and hippocampal synaptosomes thus activating noradrenergic neurotransmission. ANG II did not affect NA uptake by striatal synaptosomes. The interaction between AT1 receptors and noradrenergic neurons and the involvement of brain noradrenergic neurotransmitter system in ANG II-induced drinking in rats is suggested by the increase of NA uptake in hypothalamus and frontal cortex which are rich in AT1 receptors and are of importance for drinking behavior. The ANG II-receptor antagonists losartan, EXP 3174, sarmesin and saralasin decreased NA uptake in all brain regions studied as compared to the uptake in the same brain regions of ANG II-injected animals thus antagonising the effect of ANG II. There is no relationship between the inhibition of ANG II-induced water intake and the changes of NA uptake under the effect of the ANG II-receptor antagonists.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/análogos & derivados , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta de Ingestión de Líquido/efectos de los fármacos , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Análisis de Varianza , Angiotensina II/farmacología , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Imidazoles/farmacología , Losartán/farmacología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Saralasina/farmacología , Tetrazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The effects of peptide and nonpeptide angiotensin II (Ang II)-receptor antagonists (losartan, EXP-3174, saralasin and sarmesin) on the levels of the biogenic monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the frontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats with Ang II-induced water intake were investigated. Ang II administered i.c.v. at a dose inducing drinking behavior in rats significantly changed the levels of biogenic monoamines. The latter were also significantly affected by the Ang II-receptor antagonists, as in most cases the drugs antagonized the effect of Ang II. Most pronounced were the effects of Ang II and Ang II-receptor antagonists on the dopamine levels. These levels were reduced to zero after Ang II in all brain structures studied. The drugs tested increased the dopamine levels, restoring their values to the values in vehicle-injected rats. Ang II-receptor antagonists exerted mosaic effects on noradrenaline and 5-HT (serotonin) levels depending on both--the type of biogenic monoamine and the brain structure. There was no relationship between the inhibition of Ang II-induced water intake and the changes in the levels of brain biogenic monoamines under the effect of the Ang II-receptor antagonists. These antagonists may play a role in the modulation of brain monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina , Monoaminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ingestión de Líquidos/efectos de los fármacos , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptores de Angiotensina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The effects of i.c.v. administered peptide and nonpeptide ANG II-receptor ligands (losartan, EXP 3174, saralasin and sarmesin) on monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and MAO-B activities in the frontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of water-repleted rats were investigated. Alterations in MAO-A and MAO-B activities were found in different rat brain regions after ANG II which depended on the isoenzyme type and brain structure. MAO-A activity significantly increased in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus, brain regions containing AT1 receptors, mainly. MAO-A and MAO-B activities were affected differently by all studied ANG II-receptor ligands, which in most cases antagonized the effect of ANG II (losartan, an AT1-nonpeptide receptor antagonist being the most effective). There was no clearcut relationship between the inhibition of ANG II-induced water intake and the changes of MAO-A and MAO-B activities under the effect of the ANG II-receptor antagonists studied.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/análogos & derivados , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Agua Corporal/fisiología , Encéfalo/enzimología , Monoaminooxidasa/metabolismo , Péptidos/farmacología , Receptores de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/farmacología , Animales , Ingestión de Líquidos/efectos de los fármacos , Imidazoles/farmacología , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Ligandos , Losartán/farmacología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptores de Angiotensina/efectos de los fármacos , Tetrazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: After 45 years of successful iodine prophylaxis a total of 6324 subject aged 7 to 70 years from East (72.0%), Central (16.2%) and West Slovakia (11.8%) were examined. The thyroid volume (ThV) by ultrasound was examined in a total of 6045 subjects. Serum level of thyrotropin (TSH) was estimated in 1919 (30.3%) and anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) in 2589 (40.9%) subjects. Iodine was estimated in 1983 (31.3%) spot urine samples. The median and 75th percentile of ThV were increasing (respectively) from 3.9 and 5.2 ml (10 yr), 8.2 and 10.2 ml (17 yr), 12.4 and 16.3 ml (31-40 yr) up to 14.1 and 19.9 ml (61-70 yr). The frequency of ultrasound hypoechogenicity as an early sign of autoimmune thyroiditis increased from 3.9% (28/709; 10 yr), 16.3% (66/403; 21-40 yr) and 30.3% (205/665; 41-60 yr) up to 51.0% (48/94; 61-70 yr). Positive anti-TPO level as an other sign of autoimmune thyroiditis was found in 1.6% (11/683; 7-13 yr), 7.3% (47/644; 17-30 yr) and 20.4% (257/1262; 31-70 yr). In the adults 19.0% (268/1409) positive anti-TPO were found. Among 1367 adults 6.2% (N = 85) of TSH levels were higher than 4.0 mU/l and 7.5% (N = 103) were lower than 0.2 mU/l. Among 1504 adults a total of 93 (6.1%) of nodules larger than 10 mm in diameter was found (14 in males and 75 in females). In this study the nature of nodules remained unidentified, since all subjects were referred to additional examinations. Malignant nodules were suspected in 3 females with high serum thyroglobulin level and in one additional female with occasionally found very large nodule. The estimation of urinary iodine showed a majority of values in optimal range (> 100-200 microg/l). CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid volume in about 75% examined subjects of all age groups may be considered as relatively small which is apparently due to 45 years of effective iodine prophylaxis. In spite of that the volume of remaining about 25% thyroids were apparently increased which may be presubambly explained by the effect of mainly genetic, but also environmental factors.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de la Tiroides/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Eslovaquia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Tiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Glándula Tiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
The effects of the non-peptide selective angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist DuP 753 and its metabolite EXP 3174, of the peptide ANGII analogues saralasin and sarmesin and of the newly synthesized imidazole compound (1-methyl-4,5-diphenylimidazole) on ANGII-induced drinking in rats were investigated. The effect of the AT2 selective antagonist PD 123319 on ANGII-induced drinking in rats was also studied. DuP 753, EXP 3174, saralasin and sarmesin (peptides and non-peptides) dose-dependently inhibited ANGII-induced water intake. The ID50 values of these drugs showed the following order of potency: EXP 3174 > saralasin > sarmesin > DuP 753 indicating their ability to block central AT1 receptors. The imidazole compound increased ANGII-induced water intake suggesting its AT1 receptor agonistic properties. PD 123319 inhibited ANGII-induced water intake at a higher dose (64 nmol), allowing to assume AT1 receptor agonistic properties.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/fisiología , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina , Conducta de Ingestión de Líquido/efectos de los fármacos , Angiotensina II/análogos & derivados , Angiotensina II/farmacología , Animales , Imidazoles/farmacología , Losartán/farmacología , Masculino , Piridinas/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptor de Angiotensina Tipo 1 , Receptor de Angiotensina Tipo 2 , Receptores de Angiotensina/fisiología , Saralasina/farmacología , Tetrazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The effects of angiotensin II (ATII) administered intacerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) at a dose of 0.5 microgram per mouse on dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) high-affinity uptake in mouse forebrain during hypoxia (asphyxic and hemic) were studied. The influence of hypoxia on biogenic monoamine uptake was also investigated. It was found that DA uptake increased, NA uptake decreased and 5-HT uptake was unchanged after asphyxic hypoxia. Hemic hypoxia had no effect on biogenic monoamine uptake. ATII did not affect uptake of biogenic monoamines in normoxic mice after asphyxic and hemic hypoxia. The results suggest that ATII increases the susceptibility of animals to hypoxia through alterations in the brain high-affinity monoamine uptake.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Dopamina/farmacocinética , Hipoxia/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/farmacocinética , Serotonina/farmacocinética , Vasoconstrictores/farmacología , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICRRESUMEN
The effects of the beta-adrenoceptor blocker pindolol and the calcium antagonist verapamil administered alone or in combination on retention in step-down- and shuttle-box-trained rats and on the biogenic monoamine levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were examined. The chronic oral treatment with pindolol impaired retention in step-down- and shuttle-box-trained rats, decreasing the dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels and increasing the serotonin (5-HT) levels in the cortex and hippocampus. Verapamil did not influence retention in step-down- and shuttle-box avoidance situation and the biogenic monoamine levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. It should, however, be noted that the chronic oral treatment with verapamil completely abolished the retention-impairing effect of pindolol, restoring to normal DA, NA and 5-HT levels. These findings might be of interest to clinical practice and suggest the necessity for using a combination of beta-blockers with Ca2+ antagonists in case of prolonged treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Monoaminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Dopamina/metabolismo , Antagonismo de Drogas , Lóbulo Frontal/efectos de los fármacos , Lóbulo Frontal/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Pindolol/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Serotonina/metabolismo , Verapamilo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The effects of angiotensin II (ATII) administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) at a dose of 0.5 microgram per mouse on the activity of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in the forebrain of normoxic and hypoxic mice were studied. The influence of hypoxia (asphyctic and haemic) on MAO-A and MAO-B activity was also investigated. MAO-A activity was increased in haemic hypoxia; MAO-B activity increased in both asphyctic and haemic hypoxia. ATII increased MAO-A activity without affecting MAO-B activity under normoxic conditions. ATII increased MAO-A activity but decreased MAO-B in hypoxic (asphyctic) mice as compared to normoxic controls. The results suggest the role of MAO-A and MAO-B in the ATII-induced increase of susceptibility to acute hypoxia.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/farmacología , Encéfalo/enzimología , Hipoxia/enzimología , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Monoaminooxidasa/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/administración & dosificación , Animales , Asfixia/enzimología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/fisiología , Hipoxia/sangre , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Prosencéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Prosencéfalo/enzimologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Growth retardation is a serious problem in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) despite normal endogenous growth hormone (GH) secretion. Intensive medical care and dialysis do not improve height velocity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of GH therapy in children with growth retardation secondary to CRF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Biosynthetic growth hormone was given to 7 prepubertal children (five boys and 2 girls, age with a range 3.5-14.5 years) with severe growth retardation and CRF during 1 year. The dosage of GH was 1 IU/kg/per week. GH was given daily, sc. The patients had a full examination every 3 months. Six children completed the study. Height velocity improved with GH therapy in 5 children. Renal function deterioration was accelerated in 2 children. The serum alkaline phosphatase concentration increased and the serum calcium concentration decreased during GH treatment in all children. Glucose, thyroid gland hormone concentration and lipid concentrations remained constant. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed clearly that treatment with biosynthetic GH gave an impressive improvement of height velocity in growth retarded prepubertal children with CRF.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Crecimiento/terapia , Hormona del Crecimiento/uso terapéutico , Fallo Renal Crónico/complicaciones , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Trastornos del Crecimiento/etiología , Humanos , Lactante , MasculinoRESUMEN
The effects of angiotensin II (ATII) administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV, acute) and subcutaneously (SC, acute and chronic) on acute hypoxia (asphyctic and hemic), and on the forebrain concentrations of monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) in male mice were studied. ATII in both routes of administration exerted a decrease of the latency to hypoxia-induced convulsions. ATII slightly reduced the brain levels of DA and NE, and did not change those of 5-HT in hypoxic mice. ATII significantly reduced DA and 5-HT concentrations in nonhypoxic (normoxic) mice. Taken together, the results suggest that ATII-induced increase of susceptibility to hypoxia is accompanied by slight alterations in the brain monoamine metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Dopamina/metabolismo , Hipoxia Encefálica/tratamiento farmacológico , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hipoxia Encefálica/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Prosencéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Prosencéfalo/metabolismo , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
1. In experiments on young (3-5-month-old), adult (10-11-month-old) and old (21-22-month-old) rats, it was found that significant age-related changes occurred in the high-affinity uptake of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) by cortical and striatal synaptosomes. 2. Changes in DA, NA and 5-HT uptake during aging are suggested to be neurochemical correlates of cognition and memory deficits that develops in senescence. 3. The in vitro effects of the nootropic drugs piracetam, aniracetam, meclofenoxate and adafenoxate on the DA, NA and 5-HT uptake by cortical and striatal synaptosomes from young rats were studied. Administered in increasing concentrations (1 x 10(-4) to 5 x 10(-3) M) these drugs inhibited monoamine uptake. 4. Adafenoxate proved to be a more potent monoamine uptake inhibitor than the other three drugs; it inhibited the uptake in the frontal cortex and striatum without selectivity for either monoaminergic system. It is suggested that adafenoxate affects cognition through the involvement of central neurotransmission and particularly through the inhibition of monoamine uptake systems.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Monoaminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Nootrópicos/farmacología , Sinaptosomas/metabolismo , Animales , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Lóbulo Frontal/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Meclofenoxato/análogos & derivados , Meclofenoxato/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Monoaminooxidasa/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The thyroid volume (by ultrasonographic volumetry) was estimated in 4,254 schoolchildren and adolescents 6-18 years of age from 12 districts of Slovakia and urinary iodine (by dry alkaline ashing followed by spectrophotometry) in 1,174 spot urine samples. No differences in thyroid volume or in iodine excretion between individual districts were found. Similarly, no differences in thyroid volume between sexes were found up to the age of 14 years, however, thereafter, such volumes were considerably higher in boys. When comparing our cummulated data with those reported by others for a population with optimal iodine intake, it was found: 1. the medians for most of the examined age groups were slightly higher, 2. the percentage of values which were higher than 97 percentiles of normal population was 3.01 for the age of 6-14 years, while that for the age of 15-18 years was 9.04. Only 35.9% of all values of urinary iodine were in the optimal range (i.e. 10-20 mud/dl), while 56.1 were less than 10 micrograms/dl and 15.9% less than 5 micrograms/dl, the remaining 8.0% over 20 micrograms/dl. In spite of long-term iodine prophylaxis (since 1949), the intake of iodine apparently is still not satisfactory, since a considerable amount of individuals appeared to be iodine deficient on the day of examination. Iodine intake, however, may be marginally sufficient up to the age of about 13-14 years, while later a higher number of enlarged thyroids was found which may be classified as goitre endemy grade I.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Bocio Endémico/prevención & control , Yodo/uso terapéutico , Yodo/orina , Glándula Tiroides/anatomía & histología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Bocio Endémico/epidemiología , Humanos , Yodo/administración & dosificación , Yodo/deficiencia , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Eslovaquia/epidemiología , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/administración & dosificación , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/uso terapéutico , Glándula Tiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Glándula Tiroides/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
1. The in vitro effect of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng on the low- and high-KM cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP PDE) activity in the frontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of young (4-5-month old) and aged (22-month old) rats has been studied. 2. Administered in increasing concentrations (from 5 x 10(-5) M up to 5 x 10(-4) M), ginsenoside Rg1 exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on the low- and high-KM enzyme activity in all brain structures studied in rats of both age groups. 3. Ginsenoside Rg1 exhibited inhibitory potency similar to that of theophylline. 4. The present results provide evidence for the CNS effects of ginsenoside Rg1 through inhibition of the intracellular level of cAMP.
Asunto(s)
3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Encéfalo/enzimología , Ginsenósidos , Saponinas/farmacología , Animales , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Cinética , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The effect of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment on learning and memory and on the levels of biogenic monoamines in some brain structures, as well as the influence of the nootropic drug adafenoxate on 6-OHDA effect was studied in shuttle box and step down trained rats. In mature rats injected with 6-OHDA postnatal, learning and retention were impaired and the noradrenaline (NA) level in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was decreased. Adafenoxate abolished the amnestic effect of 6-OHDA and restored the NA level to normal in the above-mentioned brain structures. This finding suggests the important role of the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system in 6-OHDA-induced amnesia and the favorable effect of adafenoxate on learning and memory impaired by 6-OHDA.
Asunto(s)
Amnesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Meclofenoxato/análogos & derivados , Neurotoxinas , Oxidopamina , Amnesia/inducido químicamente , Animales , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Aminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiología , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Meclofenoxato/farmacología , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The effect of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment on learning and retention and on the level of biogenic monoamines in some brain structures as well as the influence of the nootropic drugs--piracetam, aniracetam, meclofenoxate and fipexide on the 6-OHDA-induced effect was studied. Two- way active avoidance (shuttle box) was used. The levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the frontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and pons were measured. In mature rats, injected with 6-OHDA (100 mg/kg s.c.) in the first 3 postnatal days learning and retention were impaired and the NA level in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was decreased. Piracetam (600 mg/kg), aniracetam (50 mg/kg), meclofenoxate (100 mg/kg) and fipexide (10 mg/kg) administered orally 5 days before and 5 days during training, abolished the amnestic effect of 6-OHDA and restored to control values the NA level in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. This finding suggests the important role of the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system in the 6-OHDA-induced amnesia, as well as in the favorable effect of the nootropic drugs tested on 6-OHDA-impaired memory processes.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Oxidopamina/farmacología , Psicotrópicos/farmacología , Animales , Monoaminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Inyecciones Subcutáneas , Masculino , Oxidopamina/administración & dosificación , Oxidopamina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The behavioral effects of extracts from ginseng stem and leaves (GL), standardized with respect to the total saponines, and from ginseng roots (G115), standardized with respect to the content of ginsenosides were examined in experiments on rats with undisturbed memory and in rats with experimentally-impaired memory (electroconvulsive shock) using the methods for active avoidance (shuttle-box) and passive avoidance (step-down, step-through), the water-maze method and the method for studying exploratory behavior. On multiple administration G115 exerted favorable effects on learning and memory and on the higher nervous activity as a whole. These effects greatly varied with the dose and administration schedules, with the rat strain, with the rat's ability to perform adequately in any particular learning task, and with the behavioral method. The extract from the overground part of ginseng (GL) had, in the majority of cases, an effect weaker than that of G115 or was without effect at all. Based on previous and present results, we discuss the role of the changes in brain biogenic monoamines induced by the extracts for their mechanism of action.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Panax , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales , Amnesia/prevención & control , Animales , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Monoaminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Electrochoque , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Percepción Espacial/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The authors give an account of 71 patients treated on account of complete growth hormone deficiency in Slovakia. Before the age of five the diagnosis was established in 24 children, after the age of 10 in 17 patients. Nine patients suffer from panhypopituitarism, while isolated deficiency of growth hormone was recorded in 34 patients. Perinatal pathology plays an important role in the aetiology. A tumour caused the disorder in five children. Treatment of the majority of patients was not systematic and was inadequate because of shortage of growth hormone. When regular substitution treatment was started before the age of 8 years, the therapeutic results were very satisfactory. The authors draw attention to the danger of further deterioration of care of children with growth hormone deficiency for economic reasons.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Crecimiento/etiología , Hormona del Crecimiento/deficiencia , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Trastornos del Crecimiento/terapia , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
1. The low- and high-KM cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP PDE) activity in cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of young (4-5-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) rats has been studied. 2. A significant rise in the high-KM cAMP PDE activity in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus in aged rats has been found. 3. The activity of the low-KM cAMP PDE does not change during senescence in all the brain structures studied. 4. In a series of increased concentrations (from 5 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-5) M) adafenoxate inhibits low- and high-KM cAMP PDE in most of the brain structures studied in both age groups. 5. The present results provide evidence for realization of the CNS effects of adafenoxate through inhibition of cAMP PDE activity and regulation of the intracellular level of cAMP.