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Intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) was developed to treat cardiovascular diseases due to its rheological effects. In its original form, ILIB was applied by an intravenous optical fiber, restricting its application. However, this technique was modified to non-invasive irradiation through the radial artery, now called vascular photobiomodulation (VPBM). Many studies have used both, ILIB and VPBM, to treat lung diseases. It is well established that lung diseases affect more than 300 million people worldwide with high morbidity and mortality rates. In this short critical review, we discuss the potential benefits of photobiomodulation to treat lung diseases using these two approaches. The search was performed in the electronic database of MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed. The data search was carried out from 1991 to 2017. We selected a total of 10 clinical studies using either ILIB or VPBM, in addition to 2 experimental studies in animals. The respiratory diseases treated in these studies included bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. The results showed overall beneficial effects on lung diseases, characterized by a reduction in the inflammatory cascade and antioxidant effects, improvement of hemodynamic parameters, the efficiency of gas exchange, and reduction of hospitalization periods. In conclusion, all studies showed promising effects of ILIB in both animal and human studies. The studies did not discuss any disadvantages or contraindications. However, further studies are needed in order to understand the dosimetry, and the literature is lacking in randomized, controlled clinical trials. Thus, this review highlights the need for additional studies using this approach.

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Corticosteroid-resistant asthma (CRA) is a severe form of disease and clinically important, since patients do not respond to mainstay corticosteroid therapies. Thus, new therapies are needed. However, a big limiting factor in the understanding of CRA is the existence of different immunological and inflammatory phenotypes, a fact that makes it difficult to reproduce experimentally. Photobiomodulation (PBM) emerges as an alternative therapy based on earlier studies. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PBM using infrared light-emitting diode (ILED) on the development of corticosteroid-resistant asthma. Therefore, groups of rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin plus Freund's adjuvant for the induction of CRA, and treated or not with ILED directly in the respiratory tract on the skin (wavelength 810 nm; power 100 mW; density energy 5 J/cm; total energy 15 J; time 150 s). Our experimental model was capable to induce neutrophilic asthma. Besides that, the corticosteroid treatment did not reverse the lung cell migration as well as the levels of leukotriene B4, and interleukins 17 and 6. The treatment with ILED reduced the lung cell migration; myeloperoxidase activity; mast cell degranulation; and the levels of leukotriene B4, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin E2, tumoral necrosis factor alpha, and interleukins 17 and 6. Still, ILED increased the level of interleukin 10. In conclusion, we showed promisor effects of ILED when irradiated directly in the respiratory tract as adjuvant treatment of corticosteroid-resistant asthma.

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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent and reversible episodes of wheezing, dyspnea, chest stiffness, and cough. Its treatment includes several drugs, high cost, and considerable side effects. Photobiomodulation (PBM) emerges as an alternative treatment, showing good results, and it can be applied locally or systemically. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of transcutaneous systemic photobiomodulation (TSPBM) by red diode light. Therefore, adult rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) plus alum for induction of asthma and irradiated or not with TSPBM in the caudal vein (wavelength 660 ± 10 nm; total radiant emission 15 J; area 2.8 cm2; energy density 5.35 J/cm2; irradiance 33.3 mW/cm2; exposure time 150 s). Our investigations prioritized the cell migration into the alveolar space and lung, tracheal responsiveness, release and gene expression of cytokines, mast cell degranulation, and anaphylactic antibodies. Our results showed that TSPBM reduced the cell migration and mast cell degranulation without altering the tracheal responsiveness and ovalbumin antibody titers. Indeed, TSPBM increased the levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the BAL fluid without altering the gene expression of cytokines in the lung tissue. Thus, this study showed that transcutaneous systemic irradiation reduced lung inflammation by altering mast cells degranulation and IL-10 level. Considering that this study is a pioneer in the used of light by the systemic route to treat asthma, the data are interesting and instigate future investigations, mainly in relation to the mechanisms involved and in dosimetry.

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Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, and is a worldwide health problem with a significant impact on the quality of life. The main goal of AR treatment is to relieve symptoms. However, standard treatments have considerable side effects or are not effective. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment. Here, we evaluated the effects of transcutaneous systemic (tail) or local (skin over nostrils) PBM using a 660-nm light-emitting diode (LED) array. Adult rats were assigned into 4 groups: basal, as non-manipulated animals; Sham, as rats sensitized with 7 intradermal injections of ovalbumin (OVA) plus alum followed by intranasal instillation with OVA (2%) daily for 7 days; and the LPBM and SPBM groups, in which the animals were treated with PBM (local or systemic) immediately after the last instillation of OVA (1%) daily for 3 days. Our results showed that local PBM treatment reduced mast cell degranulation in the nasopharynx and nostrils; levels of leukotriene B4, thromboxane A2, and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in the nasopharynx; and gene expression of IL-4. Moreover, we showed higher levels and gene expression of IL-10 after local PBM treatment. Systemic PBM treatment did not change any of the evaluated parameters. In conclusion, our data showed that local (but not systemic) treatment with PBM could improve parameters related to AR in an animal model, and should be tested clinically.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos de um programa de dezesseis semanas em mini-trampolim de solo sobre resistência muscular localizada “RML” de membros inferiores e abdominal, flexibilidade e capacidade aeróbia, em mulheres sedentárias entre 20 e 35 anos de idade. Trata-se de ensaio de intervenção em 26 voluntárias, aplicado em três sessões semanais de quarenta e cinco minutos. Foram realizados os seguintes testes: 1) RML: por repetição máxima em 1 minuto, 2) Capacidade aeróbia (VO2): banco de Astrand, 3) flexibilidade: sentar e alcançar (banco de Wells). Para comparação dos dados antes e depois do treinamento, aplicou-se teste t de Student para amostras dependentes, utilizando-se pacote estatístico SPSS. Observou-se que o programa proporcionou aumentos significativos da flexibilidade, resistência muscular abdominal e de membros inferiores, além de melhora significativa na freqüência cardíaca de recuperação pós-exercício e no consumo máximo de oxigênio. Estes resultados indicam que o mini-trampolim de solo é atividade capaz de incrementar capacidades físicas importantes para manutenção da saúde.

The present study aimed to analyze the effects of a program of sixteen weeks on mini-trampoline ground on muscular endurance "RML" lower limb and abdominal, flexibility and aerobic capacity in sedentary women between 20 and 35 years old. It is intervention trial in 26 volunteers applied three times per week for forty-five minutes. 1) RML: The following tests were performed by repetition maximum in 1 minute, 2) Aerobic capacity (VO2): bank Astrand, 3) flexibility: sit and reach (Wells). to comparison of data before and after training, we applied the Student t test for samples dependent, using SPSS statistical package. It was noted that the program provided increases significant flexibility, abdominal muscle endurance and lower limbs, as well as improvement significant in heart rate recovery after exercise and maximal oxygen consumption. These results indicate that the mini trampoline is soil activity to increase capacity Physical important for health maintenance.

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Objetivou-se mensurar os efeitos adaptativos alcançados em programa sistematizado de mini-trampolim na água, também conhecido como Hidro Jump. Esta modalidade é realizada em mini cama elástica adaptada para piscina, na qual são executados exercícios coreografados aeróbios de baixo impacto. O estudo consistiu na aplicação de treinamento, na piscina da Faculdade de Educação Física da UNICAMP, em grupo de 20 voluntárias sedentárias do sexo feminino com idades variando entre 20 a 35 anos. O esquema operacional foi composto por três sessões semanais de 45 minutos durante dezesseis semanas. Para caracterizar as alterações fisiológicas foram feitas avaliações pré e pós periodização nas variáveis: 1) Resistência muscular localizada (RML), por repetição máxima em 1 minuto, 2) Consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2) em banco de Astrand, 3) flexibilidade, teste de sentar e alcançar (banco de Wells). Para a comparação dos dados antes e depois do treinamento, aplicou-se t de Student para amostras dependentes, utilizando-se pacote estatístico SPSS. Obtiveram-se aumentos significativos da resistência muscular de membros inferiores e superiores, além de melhoras significantes na freqüência cardíaca de recuperação pós-exercício e no consumo máximo de oxigênio. Estes resultados indicam que o mini-trampolim na água é eficaz para incremento de algumas capacidades físicas relacionadas à saúde.

The purpose was to measure adapting effects reached in an orderly program of rebound exercise in the water (REW), also know as Hydro Jump. This modality is carried out in a mini trampoline adapted for swimming pool, where low-impact aerobic choreographic exercises are performed. Study comprised training application, in the swimming pool from the Faculdade de Educação Física of UNICAMP, with a group of 20 sedentary female volunteers, from 20 to 35 years old. Operating schedule was composed by three weekly sessions of 45 minutes, during sixteen weeks. To feature physiological changes, pre and post period assessments were carried out for the variables: 1) Located muscular strength (LMS), through maximal repetition in one minute, 2) Oxygen consumption (VO2) in Astrand bench, 3) flexibility, sitting and reaching test (Wells bench). To compare data before and after training, Student t was applied for dependent samples, using SPSS statistical package. Significant increases of muscular strength of lower and upper members were evidenced, as well as significant improvement on post exercise recovery cardiac frequency and maximal oxygen consumption. These results indicate that REW is effective to enhance some physical capabilities related to health.

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