RESUMEN
On-site monitoring the presence of pesticides on crops and food samples is essential for precision and post-harvest agriculture, which demands nondestructive analytical methods for rapid, low-cost detection that is not achievable with gold standard methods. The synergy between eco-friendly substrates and printed devices may lead to wearable sensors for decentralized analysis of pesticides in precision agriculture. In this paper we report on a wearable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor capable of detecting carbamate and bipyridinium pesticides on the surface of agricultural and food samples. The low-cost devices (Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles
, Plaguicidas
, Dispositivos Electrónicos Vestibles
, Agricultura
, Inocuidad de los Alimentos
, Plaguicidas/análisis
, Poliésteres
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate sex-related differences in dental pain perception in children. METHODS: Fifty-two children who received a dental procedure with local anesthesia were selected to participate. Pain perception levels were assessed with the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Twenty-four and 48 hours following the procedure, the parents were contacted by phone for a verbal survey to assess their child's postoperative pain. Age, type of dental procedure, and behavior were also evaluated as covariables. The data were analyzed using Epi Info 7.0 software and GraphPad Prism 5.0 software. Chi-square or t test were performed with a significance level of five percent. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 6.7 (±2.4 [SD]) years. Twenty-seven (51.9 percent) were boys. None of the parents reported pain at 48 hours. None of the covariables were differentially distributed among the sexes (P>0.05). There was no statistical difference between sex and pain perception immediately after the procedure (P=0.64) and after 24 hours (P=0.41). However, when the analysis was performed according to age group, a borderline association was found. Female preschoolers reported more pain immediately after the procedure than male preschoolers (P=0.06). CONCLUSION: There was no statistical difference in pain perception between sexes.