RESUMEN
The Joanes I Reservoir is responsible for 40% of the drinking water supply of the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. For water sources such as this, there is concern regarding the proliferation of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria, which can cause environmental and public health impacts. To evaluate the presence of cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins in the water of this reservoir, the cyanobacteria were identified by microscopy; the presence of the genes of the cyanotoxin-producing cyanobacteria was detected by molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing); and the presence of toxins was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The water samples were collected at four sampling points in the Joanes I Reservoir in a monitoring campaign conducted during the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms, and the water quality parameters were also analysed. Ten cyanobacteria species/genera were identified at the monitoring sites, including five potentially cyanotoxin-producing species, such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Cylindrospermopsis cf. acuminato-crispa, Aphanocapsa sp., Phormidium sp., and Pseudanabaena sp. A positive result for the presence of the cylindrospermopsin toxin was confirmed at two sampling points by LC-MS/MS, which indicated that the populations are actively producing toxins. The analysis of the PCR products using the HEPF/HEPR primer pair for the detection of the microcystin biosynthesis gene mcyE was positive for the analysed samples. The results of this study point to the worrisome condition of this reservoir, from which water is collected for public supply, and indicate the importance of the joint use of different methods for the analysis of cyanobacteria and their toxins in reservoir monitoring.
Asunto(s)
Toxinas Bacterianas , Cianobacterias , Brasil , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/análisis , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Cianobacterias/genética , Microcistinas/genética , Microcistinas/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodosRESUMEN
There are only a few established methods to determine the concentration of encapsulated viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, in water matrices, limiting the application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE)-an important tool for public health research. The present study compared four methods that are commonly used to concentrate non-encapsulated enteric viruses for determining SARS-CoV-2 concentration in wastewater and wastewater-enriched river water samples. The four methods tested were electronegative membrane with Mg+2 addition, aluminum hydroxide-based precipitation, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 precipitation, and ultrafiltration (with porosity of 10 and 50 kDa). Prior to the concentration step, filtration or centrifugation was performed to remove suspended particles from the samples (pretreatment). To evaluate the recovery efficiency (%), samples of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from RT-qPCR-positive patients were used as spiked samples. The second part of the analysis involved the quantification of the SARS-CoV-2 copy number in analytes without SARS-CoV-2-spiked samples. Among the tested methods, pretreatment via centrifugation followed by ultrafiltration with a 50-kDa cut-off was found the most efficient method for wastewater samples with spiked samples (54.3 or 113.01% efficiency). For the wastewater-enriched river samples with spiked samples, pretreatment via centrifugation followed by filtration using an electronegative membrane was the most efficient method (110.8% and 95.9% for N1 and N2 markers, respectively). However, ultrafiltration of the raw river water samples using 10 or 50 kDa cut-off filters and PEG 8000 precipitation showed the best concentration efficiency based on copy number, regardless of the pretreatment approach or sample type (values ranging from 3 × 105 to 6.7 × 103). The effectiveness of the concentration method can vary depending on the type of sample and concentration method. We consider that this study will contribute to more widespread use of WBE for the environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: to understand the spirituality and the practice of euphemism experienced by nursing professionals in the hospital scenario. METHODS: a descriptive, exploratory research with a qualitative approach, carried out with 18 nursing professionals from a hospital in southern Brazil. Data collection took place from September to October 2018, through recorded audio interviews. The reports were submitted to thematic content analysis and the discussion was based on the theory of transpersonal care. RESULTS: four categories emerged from the speeches: Motivational reflection of spirituality in the work environment; Adherence to the practice of euphemism by nursing professionals; Satisfaction and frustration in the practice of euphemism by nursing professionals and; Spirituality as an increase in human faith. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: professionals understand spirituality and the practice of euphemism as a tool that helps in motivating the team to face difficulties at work and increase the faith of hospitalized patients.
Asunto(s)
Terapias Espirituales , Espiritualidad , Brasil , Humanos , Grupo de Enfermería , Percepción , Investigación CualitativaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand the spirituality and the practice of euphemism experienced by nursing professionals in the hospital scenario. Methods: a descriptive, exploratory research with a qualitative approach, carried out with 18 nursing professionals from a hospital in southern Brazil. Data collection took place from September to October 2018, through recorded audio interviews. The reports were submitted to thematic content analysis and the discussion was based on the theory of transpersonal care. Results: four categories emerged from the speeches: Motivational reflection of spirituality in the work environment; Adherence to the practice of euphemism by nursing professionals; Satisfaction and frustration in the practice of euphemism by nursing professionals and; Spirituality as an increase in human faith. Final Considerations: professionals understand spirituality and the practice of euphemism as a tool that helps in motivating the team to face difficulties at work and increase the faith of hospitalized patients.
RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender la espiritualidad y la práctica de la eufemia que experimentan los profesionales de enfermería en el contexto hospitalario. Métodos: investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, cualitativa, desarrollada con 18 profesionales de enfermería de un hospital en el sur de Brasil. Los datos se recopilaron entre septiembre y octubre de 2018, a través de entrevistas de audio grabadas. Los informes fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido temático y la discusión se basó en la teoría del cuidado transpersonal. Resultados: de las declaraciones surgieron cuatro categorías: Reflexión motivacional de la espiritualidad en el ambiente de trabajo; Adhesión a la práctica de la eufemia por profesionales de enfermería; Satisfacción y frustración en la práctica de la eufemia por profesionales de enfermería; y La espiritualidad como un aumento en la fe humana. Consideraciones Finales: los profesionales perciben la espiritualidad y la práctica de la eufemia como una herramienta que ayuda a motivar al equipo, hacer frente a las dificultades en el trabajo y aumentar la fe de los pacientes hospitalizados.
RESUMO Objetivos: compreender a espiritualidade e a prática da eufemia vivenciada por profissionais de enfermagem no contexto hospitalar. Métodos: pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida com 18 profissionais de enfermagem de uma instituição hospitalar no Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro a outubro de 2018, por meio de entrevistas áudio gravadas. Os relatos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática e a discussão se fundamentou na teoria do cuidado transpessoal. Resultados: das falas emergiram quatro categorias: Reflexo motivacional da espiritualidade no ambiente de trabalho; Adesão à prática da eufemia por profissionais de enfermagem; Satisfação e frustração na prática da eufemia por profissionais de enfermagem e; Espiritualidade como incremento da fé humana. Considerações Finais: os profissionais percebem a espiritualidade e a prática da eufemia como ferramenta que auxilia a motivação da equipe para o enfrentamento das dificuldades no trabalho e no incremento da fé de pacientes hospitalizados.
RESUMEN
Camamu Bay, an Environmentally Protected Area, may be affected by the pressures of tourism and oil exploration in the adjacent continental platform. The current quality of the mangrove sediments was evaluated by porewater bioassays using embryos of Crassostrea rhizophorae and by an analysis of benthic macrofauna and its relationships with organic compounds, trace metals and bioavailability. Porewater toxicity varied from low to moderate in the majority of the samples, and polychaetes dominated the benthos. The Grande Island sampling station (Station 1) presented more sandy sediments, differentiated macrobenthic assemblages and the highest metal concentrations in relation to other stations and guideline values, and it was the only station that indicated a possible bioavailability of metals. The origin of the metals (mainly barium) is most likely associated with the barite ore deposits located in the Grande and Pequena islands. These results may be useful for future assessment of the impact of oil exploration in the coastal region.