RESUMEN
Three Diorhabda spp. tamarisk beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were established in Texas from 2003 to 2010 for biological control of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.): Mediterranean tamarisk beetles, D. elongata (Brullé) from Greece, also established in New Mexico; subtropical tamarisk beetles, D. sublineata (Lucas) from Tunisia; and larger tamarisk beetles, D. carinata (Faldermann) from Uzbekistan. More than one million tamarisk beetles were released at 99 sites. Species establishment success ranged from 52 to 83%. All three species now co-occur in New Mexico with the northern tamarisk beetles, D. carinulata (Desbrochers). A phenotypic hybrid scoring system was developed to assess Diorhabda phenotype distributions and character mixing in hybrid zones. Widespread field populations of bispecific hybrid phenotypes for D. carinata/D. elongata and D. sublineata/D. elongata rapidly appeared following contact of parental species. Initial distributions and dispersal of Diorhabda spp. and hybrids are mapped for Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas, where they produced large-scale tamarisk defoliation and localized dieback for 3-4 yr. However, populations subsequently severely declined, now producing only isolated defoliation and allowing tamarisk to recover. Diorhabda sublineata and D. elongata temporarily produced nontarget spillover defoliation of ornamental athel, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, along the Rio Grande. Hybrid phenotypes were generally bimodally distributed, indicating some degree of reproductive isolation. Additional diagnostic phenotypic characters in males allowed more precise hybrid scoring. Character mixing in some hybrid populations approached or reached that of a hybrid swarm. The significance of hybridization for tamarisk biocontrol is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Escarabajos , Tamaricaceae , Animales , Grecia , Kansas , Masculino , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas , TúnezRESUMEN
Lung cancer (LC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Although smoking is the major risk factor, ~15% of all cases occur in never-smokers, suggesting that genetic factors play a role in LC predisposition. Indeed, germline mutations in the TP53 gene predispose to multiple cancer types, including LC. To date, few studies compared the somatic and germline mutational profiles of LC cases by smoking status, and none was reported in Brazilians. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on two pools (seven smokers and six non-smokers) of tumor-derived DNA using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. Files from pools were analyzed separately using Ingenuity®Variant AnalysisTM and Mendel,MD. Validation of all candidate variants was performed by Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, validated mutations were analyzed in germline DNA from the same patients and in ethnically matched controls. In addition, a single recurring Brazilian TP53 germline mutation (R337H) was genotyped in 45 non-small-cell lung cancer patients.Four novel germline variants in the ATAD2, AURKA, PTPRD and THBS1 genes were identified exclusively in smoker patients, and four germline missense variants in PLCD1, RAD52, CP and CDC6 genes were identified solely in non-smokers. There were 4/45 (8.9%) germline carriers of the R337H TP53 mutation. In conclusion, the recurring Brazilian TP53 mutation should be genotyped in all non-small-cell lung cancer in Brazil, regardless of smoking status. Distinct pathogenic mutations and novel sequence variants are detected in Brazilian non-small-cell lung cancer patients, by smoking status. The contribution of these sequence variants to LC pathogenesis remains to be further explored.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Mutación de Línea Germinal/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Fumar/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) is a rare genetic disorder. In a subset of FIPA families AIP germline mutations have been reported, but in most FIPA cases the exact genetic defect remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine the genetic basis of FIPA in a Brazilian family. Three siblings presented with isolated prolactin genes. Further mutation screening was performed using whole-exome sequencing and all likely causative mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing. In silico analysis and secreting pituitary adenoma diagnosed through clinical, biochemical and imaging testing. Sanger sequencing was used to genotype candidate prolactinoma-mutated additional predictive algorithms were applied to prioritize likely pathogenic variants. No mutations in the coding and flanking intronic regions in the MEN1, AIP and PRLR genes were detected. Whole-exome sequencing of three affected siblings revealed novel, predicted damaging, heterozygous variants in three different genes: RXRG, REXO4 and TH. In conclusion, the RXRG and TH possibly pathogenic variants may be associated with isolated prolactinoma in the studied family. The possible contribution of these genes to additional FIPA families should be explored.
Asunto(s)
Adenoma/genética , Mutación de Línea Germinal , Adenoma Hipofisario Secretor de Hormona del Crecimiento/genética , Prolactinoma/genética , Receptor gamma X Retinoide/genética , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/genética , Adulto , Simulación por Computador , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Exoma , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/química , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Masculino , Linaje , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Receptores de Prolactina/química , Receptores de Prolactina/genética , Receptor gamma X Retinoide/química , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/químicaRESUMEN
Lung cancer is the leading global cause of cancer-related mortality. Inter-individual variability in treatment response and prognosis has been associated with genetic polymorphisms in specific genes: EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PTEN and TTF-1. Somatic mutations in EGFR and KRAS genes are reported at rates of 15-40% in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in ethnically diverse populations. BRAF and PTEN are commonly mutated genes in various cancer types, including NSCLC, with PTEN mutations exerting an effect on the therapeutic response of EGFR/AKT/PI3K pathway inhibitors. TTF-1 is expressed in approximately 80% of lung adenocarcinomas and its positivity correlates with higher prevalence of EGFR mutation in this cancer type. To determine molecular markers for lung cancer in Brazilian patients, the rate of the predominant EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PTEN mutations, as well as TTF-1 expression, was assessed in 88 Brazilian NSCLC patients. EGFR exon 19 deletions (del746-750) were detected in 3/88 (3·4%) patients. Activating KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 61 were noted in five (5·7%) and two (2·3%) patients, respectively. None of the common somatic mutations were detected in either the BRAF or PTEN genes. TTF-1 was overexpressed in 40·7% of squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). Our findings add to a growing body of data that highlights the genetic heterogeneity of the abnormal EGFR pathway in lung cancer among ethnically diverse populations.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Mutación/genética , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Proteínas ras/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Pronóstico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras) , Factores de TranscripciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of community level interventions depends to a great extent on adherence. Currently, information on factors related to adherence in older adults from developing countries is scarce. Our aim was to identify factors associated to adherence to a physical activity intervention in older adults from a post-transitional middle income country. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods we studied 996 older Chilean subjects (65-67.9 years at baseline) with low to medium socioeconomic status from 10 health centers randomized to receive a physical activity intervention as part of the CENEX cluster trial (ISRCTN48153354). MEASUREMENTS: Using a multilevel regression model, the relationship between adherence (defined a priori as attendance at a minimum of 24 physical activity classes spread over at least 12 months) and individual, intervention-related and contextual factors was evaluated. We also conducted 40 semi-structured interviews with older adults (n=36) and instructors (n=4). Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using content analysis to identify barriers and facilitators to adherence. RESULTS: Adherence to physical activity intervention was 42.6% (CI 95% 39.5 to 45.6). Depression, diabetes mellitus, percentage of impoverished households and rate of arrests for violent crimes in the neighborhood predicted less adherence (p<0.05) while being retired, participation in physical activity prior to the intervention, and green areas per habitant were positively associated with adherence (p<0.05). The qualitative interviews identified three primary barriers to adherence: current health problems, lack of time due to commitments for caring for family members, and being employed, and two primary facilitators to adherence: the health benefits attributed to the intervention and the opportunity the classes provided for social interaction with others. CONCLUSION: In order to enhance effectiveness of community exercise interventions, strategies to improve participation should be targeted to older adults from deprived areas and those with psychological and medical conditions.
Asunto(s)
Empleo , Ejercicio Físico , Familia , Estado de Salud , Cooperación del Paciente , Pobreza , Características de la Residencia , Anciano , Cuidadores , Chile , Crimen , Países en Desarrollo , Ambiente , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Satisfacción del Paciente , Investigación Cualitativa , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
AIM: The study aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with saxagliptin + metformin vs. saxagliptin or metformin monotherapy in treatment-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and inadequate glycaemic control. METHODS: In this multicentre, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled phase 3 trial, 1306 treatment-naïve patients with T2D >or=18 to Asunto(s)
Adamantano/análogos & derivados
, Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico
, Dipéptidos/uso terapéutico
, Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/uso terapéutico
, Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico
, Metformina/uso terapéutico
, Adamantano/administración & dosificación
, Adamantano/uso terapéutico
, Adulto
, Glucemia
, Dipéptidos/administración & dosificación
, Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/administración & dosificación
, Método Doble Ciego
, Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos
, Ayuno
, Femenino
, Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo
, Humanos
, Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación
, Masculino
, Metformina/administración & dosificación
, Persona de Mediana Edad
, Periodo Posprandial
, Resultado del Tratamiento
RESUMEN
Familial clustering of filarial infection was investigated through random house-to-house surveys of 643 individuals in Leogane, Haiti, an area with endemic Bancroftian filariasis. Children of infected mothers were 2.4 to 2.9 times more likely to be infected than were those of amicrofilaraemic mothers. Filarial-specific cellular responsiveness in amicrofilaraemic children born to infected mothers was lower than that in amicrofilaraemic children born to amicrofilaraemic mothers. No effect of paternal infection status was seen. The findings show that maternal infection is a risk factor for filarial infection in children and is associated with altered parasite-specific immune reactivity.
Asunto(s)
Filariasis Linfática/transmisión , Salud de la Familia , Madres , Wuchereria bancrofti/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Niño , Filariasis Linfática/epidemiología , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Femenino , Haití/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Muestreo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Agrupamiento Espacio-TemporalAsunto(s)
Humanos , /economía , /legislación & jurisprudencia , /tendencias , /tendencias , Jamaica , Indias OccidentalesAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Problemas Sociales , Familia , Conflicto Psicológico , Salud Mental , CulturaRESUMEN
Sociological and anthropological studies describe cultural pluralism and social disintegration as pathological burdens of the "cross-roads" experience. A retrospective analysis of 169 undergraduate students seen over three and a half years was carried out. Correlation and cross-tabulation studies of different life stresses and demographic variables were performed, comparing dependent and non-dependent students. These linked dependency with male-female problems, and being female. Passive dependent personality traits correlate with psychaitric morbidity (i.e. actual psychoneurosis). Unsatisfactory parental relationships and absence of either parent were significantly greater in dependent and other patients than in a general sixty per cent (60 percent) sample of 1976 graduating students. It is suggested that in the West Indian family poor parental bonding, as well as the inadequate identification of males with consistent father or husband role, lead to oedipal conflicts and stress-producing dependency in the offspring of both sexes. But the social expectations of passivity on the part of women, and the demands on them to be the greatest functioning family member lead to an introjection (rather than ventilation or projection) of frustrated feelings on their part, as well as to greater expression of conflicts in help-seeking behaviour (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Conflicto Psicológico , Cultura , Problemas Sociales , Familia , Jamaica , Estudios Retrospectivos , Salud MentalRESUMEN
An analysis of certain clinical and demographic variables was performed on patients seen in each of four years by psychiatrists at the University of the West Indies Mona Campus Health Services. A serial sample of 169 patients was also surveyed. A 50 percent sample of final year students was used as a control group. Personality disorders and related neurotic syndromes were commonest. Alcohol and drug addiction were absent. Contributory life stresses included male-female relationships, relating to parents, general relationships, and academic and identity problems. More of the patient sample had frequent previous emotional complaints than the control group. Passive dependency was the single greatest clinical problem and correlated highly with male-female life stresses. The common nature of dependency and its predisposition to decompensation amidst male-female difficulties are striking and could reflect the pressure of the West Indian family structure. The pattern seen reflect academic, developmental and cultural factors which are of importance in treatment and prevention (AU)
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Estudiantes/psicología , Relaciones Interpersonales , Estrés Psicológico , JamaicaAsunto(s)
Humanos , Estudiantes , Trastornos Mentales , Familia , Indias Occidentales , Relaciones Padres-HijoRESUMEN
Sociological and anthropological studies describe cultural pluralism and social disintegration a pathological burdens of the "cross-roads" experience of the West Indies. A retrospective analysis of 169 undergraduate students seen over three and a half years was carried out. Correlation and cross tabulation studies of different life stresses and emographic variables were performed comparing dependent and non-dependent students. These linked dependency with male-female problems, being female and with being non-graduating. Passive dependent personality traits predisposed to psychiatric morbidity, (i.e. actual psychoneurosis). Unsatisfactory parental relationships were significantly greater in dependent and other patients than in a general sixty per cent (60 percent) sample of students who graduated in 1976. It is suggested that in the West Indian family poor parental binding, as well as the inadequate identification of males with a consistent father or husband role, lead to oedipal conflicts and stress-producing dependency in the offspring of both sexes. But the social expectations of passivity on the part of women, and the demands on them to be the greatest functioning family member, leads to an introjection (rather than ventilation or projection) of frustrated feelings on their part, as well as to greater articulation of conflicts in help seeking behaviour. These findings can inform further enquiry in transcultural psychiatry and the direction needed for student health services to be of greater help to the young adult in a troubled, changing culture, seeking a future (AU)