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The lungs from 60 subjects who had died of polytrauma were studied morphologically. The heads of the corpses were not injuried. The aim of the study was investigation of characteristics and time of development of structural changes associated with lung injury. Early structural changes in trauma were disorders of circulation including microcirculation, acute emphysema, distelectases and atelectases, injury of bronchial and bronchiolar mucosa. Pulmonary edema and systemic inflammatory reaction emerge in the first hours after trauma.

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Microscope and morphometry examinations of specific structural changes observed in the respiratory system in death immediately after severe craniocerebral trauma denoted profound lesions with a certain sequence of progression. The extent of histomorphological changes in the lungs is shown to be influenced by a life span of victims after inflicted trauma, i.e. by the prescription of trauma.

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Pronounced changes with a specific development sequence were detected on the basis of microscopy and morphometry examinations of peculiarities of structural changes in the respiratory system in death soon after mechanical trauma concomitant with head injuries. It was demonstrated the way the severity of histomorphologic changes occurring in the lungs influence the survival time of victims after trauma (time prescription).

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The microscopic and histostereometric examinations of specific features of blood circulation in the lungs (in lethal cases) performed during the early period after combined trauma showed pronounced disturbances of blood circulation in body organs which had a certain sequence in the development of vascular reactions and vascular temporal dynamics. The influence of a preceding alcoholic intoxication and intensive hemorrhage on the circulatory dynamics was demonstrated.

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Histochemical successions of the gastric mucosa reaction are described, their role and the impact of the kallikrein-kinin system are evaluated, and pathophysiological aspects of development of Vishnevsky's spots as a pathognomonic sign of death from excessive cooling are described. Analysis of 34 deaths from excessive cooling helped determine the correlation between the size, volume, and depth of the gastric mucosa involvement, on the one hand, and duration of periods of cooling and freezing, on the other. The technique of expert evaluation of Vishnevsky's spots is described.

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Macro- and trace element composition of hairs on the head, chest, in the armpits, and on the pubis in the population of Asia, Africa, and Latin America adapted and not to the climate, geographic and ecological conditions of the Russian Federation (Moscow) is studied by spectrography (DPS-13 spectrograph). Element composition of residents of 16 countries is analyzed by variation statistics methods using PC: Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, India, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Rwanda, Kenya, Sudan, Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brasilia, Columbia, and Chile. Hairs from residents of East Europe (Russians, Byelorussians, Ukrainians) living in Moscow for 6-8 years (adapted) were the reference for comparison. A total of 371 specimens of hairs were examined. Hairs from adapted and not adapted residents of the above-listed countries and continents differ significantly from each other and from the hairs of Russians, Byelorussians, and Ukrainians living in Moscow.

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Delipidation of the adrenal cortex in acute alcohol intoxication often presents as complete "washing" of sudanophilic and birefringent lipids (cholesterol and its esters) from the reticular and bundle zones. The interface between cortical sites devoid of and containing lipids is clearly seen as a relatively smooth horizontal line. Accumulations of phospholipid granules are seen in the protoplasm of "dark" adrenocorticocytes; the number of these granules is in inverse proportion to the content of cholesterol and its esters in the cell. In parallel with this, ascorbic acid granules in the cortical cells notably decrease.

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A stereometric (stereological) method has been developed for assessment of an objective quantitative parameter: volumic density of pigment in human hair. This method helped differentiate the hairs from the head, chest, armpits, and pubis in residents of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the former USSR. The differences in this parameter were particularly evident in the aborigines of Africa and in the population of Asia, Latin America, and the former USSR (p = 0.02-0.01). Hairs of the residents of Asia, Latin America, and former USSR also differed (p = 0.05). The method is simple, available, and may be used in comparative studies of the hairs, including expert evaluations of their similarity.

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The basic regularities in the time course of adrenocortical lipids in acute cardiovascular stress and in injuries of different duration are shown. The author hypothesizes that the reticular zone of the cortical substance of the gland is not a zone of cell aging and death but, quite the contrary, a functionally active zone able, together with the adjacent sites of the bundle zone, to meet the requirements of the organism in glucocorticoids during common vital activity but not during stress. The bundle zone of the cortex overloaded with lipids represents a "cholesterol depot" which is mobilized for the synthesis of steroids in emergency. Study of adrenocortical lipids helps detect the reaction to stress and, hence, helps to decide whether the processes were life-time and when they coursed and permits estimation of the speed of dying and detection of the causes and mechanisms of death.

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Morphologic signs of hair disease of children aged 1 to 5 (town of Chernovtsy, Ukraine) with poisoning are presented. Using scanning electron and light microscopy revealed a number of morphologic signs in the radicular part and bulbs of hairs, which are commonly observed in thallium poisoning.

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Lipid content was measured in lung tissue of live and stillborn newborns with and without putrefactive changes by biochemical method of lipid extraction by hexane from dried fragments. Biochemical detection of high levels of lipids in pulmonary tissue from newborns both with and without putrefactive changes was found to be an evidence of intrauterine asphyxia caused by aspiration of amniotic fluid, and, hence, this method helped assess the contribution of intrauterine asphyxia to the origin and cause of death. The results are of paramount importance for forensic medicine, particularly so in cases when putrefied corpses of newborns have to be examined and there is no data on the course of pregnancy and labor.

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The purpose of this study was analysis of forensic medical aspects of macro- and trace element composition of hairs of the head in the residents of Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia and changes in this characteristic during adaptation to conditions of Central Russia. One of our tasks was to define expert criteria for differentiation between the hairs belonging to residents of these countries and Russia. A total of 136 hairs were examined by spectral approximated quantitative analysis using DFS-13 spectrographer. The detected regularity consisted in the following: adaptation of residents of Latin America to conditions of Central Russia was associated with disappearance of some elements and appearance of other ones characteristic of residents of Central Russia (Byelorussians, Russians, Ukrainians).

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Biochemical method of lipid extraction with hexane permits the diagnosis of functional exhaustion of adrenals resultant from prolonged stress using both fresh material and that changed by putrefaction when histologic and histochemical methods of investigation are useless. These data may be used in examinations of putrescent corpses to assess thanatogenesis and establish the cause of death.

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The biochemical method of lipid level assessment by their hexane extraction permits a judgement on the presence of obesity (fatty dystrophy) in the myocardium in drastic putrefactive changes in the corpse, when other methods are useless. Use of this method in cases with putrefactive changes will help in many cases to decide the problem on the possible 'cardiac' mechanism of death.

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Alcohol abuse involves heart mass increment at the expense of epicardial fat. Epicardial fat mass and the content of intramuscular lipids are the highest in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Since epicardial fat mass increase is in direct correlation with the elevation of lipid content in the heart muscle proper, detection of a large mass of epicardial fat at autopsy permits a conclusion on myocardial obesity.

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In the course of investigation it was stated that fat hepatic dystrophy can be diagnosed by biochemical method (lipid extraction by hexane). For al this the content of extracted lipids more than 20% of dry residue evidences about the presence of fat hepatic dystrophy which is confirmed by histological detection of lipid granules whose quantity is increasing from fat dystrophy I degree (lipid content amounts up to 30% of dry residue) to fat dystrophy III degree (lipid content is more than 40%). Formalin treatment doesn't produce significant changes in lipid content and doesn't prevent biochemical diagnosis of fat dystrophy of the liver. In case of putrefied liver lipid content is increased slightly but in all periods of putrefaction lipid content in the liver in case of fat dystrophy remains significantly higher than in controls. Biochemical method may be used in diagnosis of fat hepatic dystrophy and its degree not only on fresh and formalin-treated cadaveric material but also in case of markedly pronounced putrefactive changes when other methods are useless and this fact is of great value for medicolegal practice.

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A syndromal condition, transitory neuropsychic symptoms and signs of catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory tract mucosae and alopecia, develop in children with symptoms of chemical poisoning due to exposure to heavy metal salts. Electron microscopy shows changes that evidence a high incidence of dying and dead hair. Alopecia was more frequently subtotal and there was a tendency to hair growth restoration after the cause of the condition was removed and prophylactic measures carried out.

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The results of biochemical analysis of rabbit lungs in case of death due to fat embolism and mechanical asphyxia (control) are presented. Reliable difference in lipid quantities was evident both immediately after death and in different putrefaction periods (this difference was 9-10 times greater in case of pulmonary fat embolism than in controls). The significant reduction in water content of the lungs in case of fat embolism as compared to controls was detected. Histological analysis of the putrefactive lungs can't detect fat embolism. Biochemical analysis makes it possible to diagnose fat embolism of the lungs in case of their marked putrefactive changes.

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