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Microvascular anastomosis is one of the most challenging neurosurgical techniques. Mastering this technique allows to perform intracranial bypass with arteries of small caliber usually placed in deep narrow surgical fields. The aim of this paper is to describe step by step end-to-side microanastomosis training method by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel tubing as it is easily reproducible. The tubing comes in sizes from 0.3 mm to 5 mm and has a texture and consistency similar to real vessels. This is based on the Teishinkai Hospital anastomosis technique. Continuous practice in microvascular anastomosis is of great importance in training vascular neurosurgeon. The PVA hydrogel tubing described in this article are useful and cost-effective material in the training of microvascular anastomosis. This practical guide model is easy to set up for repeated practice, and will contribute to facilitate 'off-the-job' training by young neurosurgeons and the development and maintenance of microsurgical skills in both resident neurosurgeons and experts who wish to master the various levels of anastomosis technique. There is no shortcut to master this technique, only hard work and perseverance.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, whose main neuropathological finding is pars compacta degeneration due to the accumulation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, and subsequent dopamine depletion. This leads to an increase in the activity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi). Understanding functional anatomy is the key to understanding and developing new targets and new technologies that could potentially improve motor and non-motor symptoms in PD. Currently, the classical targets are insufficient to improve the entire wide spectrum of symptoms in PD (especially non-dopaminergic ones) and none are free of the side effects which are not only associated with the procedure, but with the targets themselves. The objective of this narrative review is to show new targets in DBS surgery as well as new technologies that are under study and have shown promising results to date. The aim is to give an overview of these new targets, as well as their limitations, and describe the current studies in this research field in order to review ongoing research that will probably become effective and routine treatments for PD in the near future.

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Spinal arteriovenous shunts (sAVSs) are an uncommon disease, constituting 3 to 4% of intradural lesions; 70% of these lesions are spinal arteriovenous fistulas (sAVFs), whereas spinal arteriovenous malformations (sAVMs) are rarer. Both share the problem of their classification due to the heterogeneity of their angioarchitecture. The aim of this study is to report a series of sAVSs treated in the neurosurgery department of the Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara during the 2018-2020 period and to present an overview of the current literature on sAVS classification. We reviewed all medical records of patients diagnosed with sAVFs and sAVMs during the 2018-2020 period, and then we analyzed images with Horos v4.0.0, illustrated some cases with Clip Studio Paint v1.10.5, and performed a descriptive statistical analysis with SPSS v25. Twelve patients were included in this study, eight of which were women (67%) and four of which were men (33%); the age range was from 3 to 74 years. Eight sAVSs were sAVFs, whereas four were sAVMs. The most frequent clinical manifestation was chronic myelopathy in seven patients (58%). Of those treated only by embolization, seven (70%) resulted in complete occlusion (five sAVFs and two sAVMs), while three (30%) remained with a residual lesion. At last follow-up, five patients (42%) improved clinically, and the seven remaining (58%) maintained the same neurological state. sAVSs require a detailed study of their angioarchitecture for proper management. The endovascular treatment is safe with acceptable cure rates. The surgical option should not be set aside.

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BACKGROUND: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a rare acute disease associated with great morbidity. It is reported as a complication of surgical procedures, but rarely associated with brain surgery and no reports before due to parasagittal meningioma resection. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the case of a 41-year-old female who underwent surgery for a parasagittal meningioma and developed a bilateral CRAO as an acute postoperative complication. Most common causes, such as cardiac embolism, carotid pathology and coagulation problems, were discussed and all clinical and neuroradiological exams performed were reported. CONCLUSION: Bilateral CRAO as results of brain surgery is extremely rare; however, if it occurs, it should be early recognized and treated to minimize its high morbidity.

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Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos sobre el puerperio y cuidados del recién nacido que tiene la puérpera adolescente atendida en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre-Niño San Bartolomé-2011. Material y Métodos: El siguiente estudio es de tipo descriptivo, prospectivo, de corte transversal. Nuestra población de estudio es el total de puérperas adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre-Niño San Bartolomé 2011, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión del estudio. Para el presente trabajo se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, la muestra estuvo conformada por 117 usuarias. Una vez obtenidos los datos, estos fueron ingresados y analizados usando el paquete SPSS versión 17. Se realizó un análisis tipo escala, utilizándose la escala modificada de Likert y la escala de categorías de calificación de percentiles 75 y 50 de la puntuación máxima, evaluando a las diferentes dimensiones como "Bueno", "Regular" y "Bajo". Resultados: De la muestra estudiada la edad promedio fue de 17.6±1.3 años, el 53.8 por ciento fueron de 18-19 años de edad, en su mayoría de educación secundaria con un 73.5 por ciento y el 55.6 por ciento con estado civil de conviviente. El 45.3 por ciento de las adolescentes tiene un conocimiento "Regular" sobre el puerperio, que abarca los aspectos de autocuidado y métodos anticonceptivos, respecto al cuidado del recién nacido el 49.6 por ciento presentó conocimiento "Regular". Sobre autocuidado se obtuvo que el 53.8 por ciento tuvo "Regular" conocimiento, del cual las dimensiones de actividad física y sexual resultaron con "Bajo" conocimiento, con un 70.9 por ciento y 82.1 por ciento respectivamente. Por otro lado, el 43.6 por ciento de las puérperas adolescentes presentan "Regular" conocimiento en Métodos anticonceptivos post parto. Conclusión: El 45.3 por ciento de las madres adolescentes alcanzaron "Regular" conocimientos sobre el puerperio, así mismo los conocimientos sobre cuidados del recién nacido fueron de 49.6 por ciento "Regular" y el 43.6 por ciento de las puérperas adolescentes tuvo "Regular" conocimiento acerca de métodos anticonceptivos en el postparto

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