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Objetivo: Estimar la proporción de sujetos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) que alcanzan la meta terapéutica para HbA1C un año después del diagnóstico (control metabólico temprano). Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas de adultos atendidos en 16 centros médicos distribuidos en nueve ciudades peruanas. Se incluyeron pacientes que recibieron un diagnóstico inicial de DMT2 y tuvieron al menos un año de seguimiento. Se consideraron las metas metabólicas definidas en los estándares ADA 2018. Resultados: Se incluyeron 457 sujetos (53,03% mujeres). Cuando fueron diagnosticados, la edad media fue de 55,75 años (DE ± 12,92), la media de HbA1C fue de 9,10% (DE ± 2,28). Hubo diagnóstico concomitante de hipertensión arterial o de dislipidemia en 27,13% y 52,40%, respectivamente. Al año de seguimiento, 57,76% de los sujetos alcanzó la meta de HbA1C ( 40 mg / dL), 24,31% para HDL-c en mujeres (>50 mg/dL), 48,24% para triglicéridos (<150 mg/dL), y 89,23% para presión arterial (<140/90 mmHg). Conclusiones: En este estudio en condiciones de la vida real, en adultos con DMT2 con un año de seguimiento, el logro de la meta de HbA1C (<7%) se alcanzó en el 58% de los pacientes. Si bien estos resultados son compatibles con los reportados en otros estudios de la región, se evidencia la oportunidad de mejorar el logro temprano de metas con el objetivo de optimizar los resultados a largo plazo.

Aim: To estimate the proportion of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who attain therapeutic goal for HbA1C one year after diagnosis (early metabolic control). Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of adults cared for at 16 centers in nine Peruvian cities. Patients who received an initial diagnosis of T2DM and had at least one year of follow up were included. Metabolic goals were as defined by ADA 2018 standards. Results: 457 subjects were included (53,03% female). At diagnosis, mean age was 55,75 years (SD ± 12.92), mean HbA1C was 9,10% (SD ± 2,28). Concomitant hypertension or dyslipidemia were present in 27,13% and 52,40%, respectively. At one year follow up, 57,76% of subjects attained the goal for HbA1C ( 40 mg/dL), 24,31% for HDL-c in women (>50 mg/dL), 48,24% for triglycerides (<150 mg/dL), and 89,23% for blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg). Conclusions: In this real-life study of adults with T2DM with one year of follow up, metabolic control for HbA1C (<7%) was attained in 58% of subjects. While the results are compatible with those reported in other studies in the region, there is opportunity to further improve early treatment goal attainment to optimize long-term outcomes.

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We report the isolation, identification, and assemblies of three antibiotic-producing soil bacteria (Staphylococcus pasteuri, Peribacillus butanolivorans, and Micrococcus yunnanensis) that inhibit the growth of Neisseria commensals in coculture. With pathogenic Neisseria strains becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, bioprospecting for novel antimicrobials using commensal relatives may facilitate discovery of clinically useful drugs.

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In Chile, tomato is one of the most widely cultivated vegetables, with around 5,000 ha for fresh market and 8,000 ha for processing industry. During recent years, symptoms of bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, have been observed more frequently in tomato plants in different regions of Chile. This pathogen was first identified in Chile in 1987 (Latorre & Lolas, 1988) and the presence of an apparent new variant was reported in 2004 (Besoain et al. 2004). To characterize the pathogen that was affecting this crop, samples of diseased tomato plants were taken in three regions of Chile. The samples were collected in 2016 in Northern Chile in Lluta Valley from the Arica y Parinacota Region, and in Central Chile, in 2014 in Limache from Valparaíso Region and in 2015 in Pichidegua from O´Higgins Region. Affected tomato plants exhibited dark brown to black lesions surrounded by yellow halos in the leaves, and dark brown to black lesions in the stems, pedicels, and peduncles. Plants tissues were macerated, and the suspension was spread on King's B medium, resulting in fluorescent colonies visualized under 366 nm UV light. LOPAT tests results of three selected isolates from different Regions, were: levan production (+), oxidase reaction (-), potato soft rot (-), arginine dihydrolase production (-), and tobacco hypersensitivity (+) (Lelliot et al. 1966). Molecular identification was carried out by amplification and sequence analysis of housekeeping genes cts, encoding citrate synthase, gyrB, encoding DNA gyrase B, and rpoD, encoding sigma factor 70 (Hwang et al. 2005; Sarkar & Guttmann 2004) (GenBank Accessions No. OK001658-OK001666). BLAST analysis of cts and rpoD genes of the three isolates resulted in a match with a 100% identity (919 bp and 491 bp respectively) with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain B13-200 (GenBank: CP019871.1). BLAST analysis of gyrB gene of two isolates resulted in a match with a 100% identity (684 bp) and one isolate with 99.85% (683 bp) with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain B13-200. To identify the race 1, each strain was inoculated in five tomato plants cv. San Pedro, susceptible to both races of P. syringae pv. tomato, and cv. Rio Grande, resistant to race 0. The tomato plants were slightly wounded with a metal sponge and then sprayed with the bacterial suspension (108 CFU mL-1) of each isolate, including the reference strain DC3000 (race 0). Negative controls were sprayed with water. The plants inoculated with Chilean strains in both cv. San Pedro and cv. Rio Grande, showed symptoms of bacterial speck after 7 days. Plants inoculated with DC3000 strain showed symptoms only in cv. San Pedro, whereas control plants remained asymptomatic. Strains were re-isolated from symptomatic plants and identified by gene sequence analyses as Pseudomonas syryngae pv. tomato. This is the first report of Pseudomonas syryngae pv. tomato race 1 in Chile. Race 1 was previously reported in Canada (Lawton and MacNeill. 1986), in Italy (Buonaurio et al. 1996), in California (Arredondo and Davis 2000), in Portugal (Cruz et al. 2010), and in other states in the USA and countries in South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia, becoming the most commonly isolated race today (Cai et al 2011). These results will be the base for future studies of epidemiology, characterization, and virulence in order to explain the outbreak of this disease and the severity of symptoms observed.

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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays several physiological roles in plants. Despite the evidence, the role of H2S on cell wall disassembly and its implications on fleshy fruit firmness remains unknown. In this work, the effect of H2S treatment on the shelf-life, cell wall polymers and cell wall modifying-related gene expression of Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) fruit was tested during postharvest storage. The treatment with H2S prolonged the shelf-life of fruit by an effect of optimal dose. Fruit treated with 0.2 mM H2S maintained significantly higher fruit firmness than non-treated fruit, reducing its decay and tripling its shelf-life. Additionally, H2S treatment delays pectin degradation throughout the storage period and significantly downregulated the expression of genes encoding for pectinases, such as polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and expansin. This evidence suggests that H2S as a gasotransmitter prolongs the post-harvest shelf-life of the fruit and prevents its fast softening rate by a downregulation of the expression of key pectinase genes, which leads to a decreased pectin degradation.

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The goal of the Label Ranking (LR) problem is to learn preference models that predict the preferred ranking of class labels for a given unlabeled instance. Different well-known machine learning algorithms have been adapted to deal with the LR problem. In particular, fine-tuned instance-based algorithms (e.g., k-nearest neighbors) and model-based algorithms (e.g., decision trees) have performed remarkably well in tackling the LR problem. Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGMs, e.g., Bayesian networks) have not been considered to deal with this problem because of the difficulty of modeling permutations in that framework. In this paper, we propose a Hidden Naive Bayes classifier (HNB) to cope with the LR problem. By introducing a hidden variable, we can design a hybrid Bayesian network in which several types of distributions can be combined: multinomial for discrete variables, Gaussian for numerical variables, and Mallows for permutations. We consider two kinds of probabilistic models: one based on a Naive Bayes graphical structure (where only univariate probability distributions are estimated for each state of the hidden variable) and another where we allow interactions among the predictive attributes (using a multivariate Gaussian distribution for the parameter estimation). The experimental evaluation shows that our proposals are competitive with the start-of-the-art algorithms in both accuracy and in CPU time requirements.

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The real burden of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in non-hospitalized patients is largely unknown. This is a 3-year prospective, observational study of ambulatory CAP in adults, conducted in 24 Spanish primary care centers between 2016-2019. Sociodemographic and clinical variables of patients with radiographically confirmed CAP were collected. Pneumococcal etiology was assessed using the Binax Now® test. Patients were followed up for 10 ± 3 days. A total of 456 CAP patients were included in the study. Mean age was 56.6 (±17.5) years, 53.5% were female, and 53.9% had ≥1 comorbidity. Average incidence of CAP was 1.2-3.5 cases per 1000 persons per year. Eighteen patients (3.9%) were classified as pneumococcal CAP. Cough was present in 88.1% of patients at diagnosis and fever in 70.8%. Increased pulmonary density (63.3%) and alveolar infiltrates with air bronchogram (16.6%) were the most common radiographic findings. After 14.6 ± 6.0 days (95% CI = 13.9-15.3), 65.4% of patients had recovered. Hospitalization rate was 2.8%. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were quinolones (58.7%) and ß-lactams (31.1%). In conclusion, one-third of CAP patients did not fully recover after two weeks of empiric antibiotic therapy and 2.8% required hospitalization, highlighting the significant burden associated with non-hospitalized CAP in Spain.

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An evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity was screened in Leptocarpha rivularis DC flower extracts using four solvents (n-hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (AcOEt), and ethanol (EtOH)). Extracts were compared for total extract flavonoids and phenol contents, antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), total reactive antioxidant properties (TRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)) across a determined value of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and cell viability (the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay). The most active extracts were analyzed by chromatographic analysis (GC/MS) and tested for apoptotic pathways. Extracts from Hex, DCM and AcOEt reduced cell viability, caused changes in cell morphology, affected mitochondrial membrane permeability, and induced caspase activation in tumor cell lines HT-29, PC-3, and MCF-7. These effects were generally less pronounced in the HEK-293 cell line (nontumor cells), indicating clear selectivity towards tumor cell lines. We attribute likely extract activity to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones, in combination with other components like steroids and flavonoids.

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This study aimed at evaluating the impact of a diet supplemented with Guazuma ulmifolia leaves on the productive performance and gastrointestinal parasites (GI) eggs/oocysts shedding of sheep (Pelibuey breed). Twenty-two non-lactating ewes were used. They were randomly allocated to two similar groups in terms of age, weight, body condition score (BCS), and GI parasites status. For 30 days, while the control group (G0) was given basic forage hay of Cynodon nlemfuensis, the test group (G1) received a blend of G. ulmifolia fresh foliage and C. nlemfuensis hay (respectively 30 and 70% of the diet on a DM basis). Animals were housed in separate covered pens. Quantitative coprological analysis was performed. Weight and BCS were evaluated. The daily feed amounts given and refused were measured in order to assess nutrient components intake (minerals, energy, and nitrogen). The results showed no significant differences between G1 and G0 regarding the anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects (p = 0.57, p = 0.91, respectively). Similarly, no significant overall impact on weight and BCS during the experiment (p = 0.77, p = 0.32, respectively) was observed. Nevertheless, concerning the bromatological analysis of G. ulmifolia, its use as a diet supplement to address protein and mineral deficits due to a poor-quality diet is fully justified.

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OBJECTIVES: RNASEH1 gene has recently been associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Colombia. The purpose of this study was to fine mapping the putative functional variant in RNASEH1 and testing its interaction with HLA tagSNPs. METHODS: Two-hundred nuclear families with T1D were included in this study. Probands were tested for GAD65 and IA-2 autoantibodies. Genotyping was performed using 20 coding tagSNPs uncovered through Sanger sequencing (N = 96), in addition to 23 tagSNPs chosen from 1000genomes to cover the extent of the gene region. Also, 45 tagSNPs for classic HLA alleles associated with T1D were also genotyped. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was used to test for association and a multiple testing correction was made using permutation. Interaction between RNASEH1 variants and HLA was evaluated by means of the M-TDT test. RESULTS: We identified 20 variants (15 were novel) in the 96 patients sequenced. None of these variants were in linkage disequilibrium. In total, 43 RNASEH1 variants were genotyped in the 200 families. Association between T1D and rs7607888 was identified (P = .002). Haplotype analysis involving rs7607888 variant revealed even stronger association with T1D (most significative P = .0003). HLA tagSNPs displayed stronger associations (OR = 6.39, 95% CI = 4.33-9.44, P-value = 9.74E-28). Finally, we found several statistically significant interactions of HLA variants with rs7607888 (P-value ranged from 8.77E-04 to 5.33E-12). CONCLUSION: Our results verify the association of rs7607888 in RNASEH1 gene with T1D. It is also shown in the interaction between RNASEH1 and HLA for conveying risk to T1D in Northwest Colombia. Work is underway aiming to identify the actual classic HLA alleles associated with the tagSNPs tested here.

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BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex disease with a higher incidence in Europeans than other populations. The Colombians Living in Medellin (CLM) is admixed with ancestry contributions from Europeans, Native Americans (NAT) and Africans (AFR). AIM: Our aim was to analyze the genetic admixture component at candidate T1D loci in Colombian individuals with the disease. METHODS: Seventy-four ancestry informative markers (AIMs), which tagged 41 T1D candidate loci/genes, were tested by studying a cohort of 200 Northwest Colombia diseased individuals. T1D status was classified by testing for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65 kDa) and protein tyrosine-like antigen-2 auto-antibodies in serum samples. Candidate loci/genes included HLA, INS, PTPN22, CTLA4, IL2RA, SUMO4, CLEC16A, IFIH1, EFR3B, IL7R, NRP1 and RNASEH1, amongst others. The 1,000 genome database was used to analyze data from 94 individuals corresponding to the reference CLM. As the data did not comply with a normal distribution, medians were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Both T1D patients and individuals from CLM displayed mainly European ancestry (61.58 vs 62.06) followed by Native American (27.34 vs 27.46) and to a lesser extent the AFR ancestry (10.28 vs 10.65) components. However, compared to CLM, ancestry of T1D patients displayed a decrease of NAT ancestry at gene EFR3B (24.30 vs 37.10) and an increase at genes IFIH1 (32.07 vs 14.99) and IL7R (52.18 vs 39.18). Also, for gene NRP1 (36.67 vs 0.003), we observed a non-AFR contribution (attributed to NAT). Autoimmune patients (positive for any of two auto-antibodies) displayed lower NAT ancestry than idiopathic patients at the MHC region (20.36 vs 31.88). Also, late onset patients presented with greater AFR ancestry than early onset patients at gene IL7R (19.96 vs 6.17). An association analysis showed that, even after adjusting for admixture, an association exists for at least seven such AIMs, with the strongest findings on chromosomes 5 and 10 (gene IL7R, P = 5.56 × 10-6 and gene NRP1, P = 8.70 × 10-19, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although Colombian T1D patients have globally presented with higher European admixture, specific T1D loci have displayed varying levels of Native American and AFR ancestries in diseased individuals.

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Introduction: The HLA region strongly associates with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes. An alternative way to test classical HLA alleles is by using tag SNP. A set of tag SNP for several classical HLA alleles has been reported as associated with susceptibility or resistance to this disease in Europeans. Objective: We aimed at validating the methodology based on tag SNP focused on the inference of classical HLA alleles, and at evaluating their association with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a sample of 200 families from Antioquia. Materials and methods: We studied a sample of 200 families from Antioquia. Each family had one or two children with T1D. We genotyped 13 SNPs using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR or PCRRFLP. In addition, we tested the validity of the tag SNP reported for Europeans in 60 individuals from a population of Colombians living in Medellín (CLM) from the 1000 Genomes Project database. Statistical analyses included the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the transmission disequilibrium and the linkage disequilibrium tests. Results: The linkage disequilibrium was low in reported tag SNP and classical HLA alleles in this CLM population. Association analyses revealed both risk and protection factors to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus. Appropriate tag SNPs for the CLM population were determined by using the genotype information available in the 1000 Genome Project database. Conclusions: Although linkage disequilibrium patterns in this CLM population were different from those reported in Europeans, we did find strong evidence of the role of HLA in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the study population.

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Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en cirugía de revisión en dos tiempos por aflojamiento séptico de artroplastia total de cadera (ATC) con distintos modelos de espaciadores y las ventajas del espaciador articulado respecto a otras alternativas. Material y metodos: 17 casos tratados en los últimos 4 años en los que hemos empleado bloques manuales de cemento (4), espaciadores estándar (6), y espaciadores articulados (7). El seguimiento medio de los casos es de 25 meses y el seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Resultados: De los 6 casos con espaciadores estándar hemos tenido 2 fracturas peri-implantes y 2 recidivas de la infección. Los espaciadores con bloques manuales de cemento requieren estancias más prolongadas y mayor dificultad en el segundo tiempo de la cirugía. En los 7 casos con espaciadores articulados no hemos tenido complicaciones respecto a luxación, fracturas peri-implante, ni reinfección. Conclusiones: Defendemos el uso de espaciadores articulados ya que evitan el acortamiento del miembro afectado, pueden adaptarse al diámetro del canal endomedular del fémur, minimizan la contractura de los tejidos blandos y disminuyen las complicaciones respecto a otras alternativas. Permiten la marcha autónoma del paciente entre los dos tiempos de la cirugía y facilitan el reimplante en un segundo tiempo

Objective: The main objective is to communicate our experience in two-stage revision surgery in chronic hip infection after THA with different types of spacers and the advantages of the articulating spacer compared to other alternatives. Material and methods: We have analyzed 17 cases in the last 4 years in which we have used static spacers (6), cement blocks (4), and articulating spacers (7). The average follow-up of the cases is 25 months and the minimum follow-up was 12 months. Results: From the 6 cases with standard spacers, 2 of them result on peri-implant fractures and another 2 suffered recurrences of the infection. Spacers with manual cement blocks required prolonged hospital stay and greater difficulty in the second surgery time. Those cases treated with articulating spacers (7), did not showed complications regarding to dislocation, peri-implant fractures, or reinfection. Conclusion: We defend the use of articulating spacers as they avoid the shortening of the affected lower limb, minimize the contracture of soft tissues and reduce complications with regard to other alternatives. They allow the autonomous march of the patient between the two times of surgery and make easier the reimplantation in a second time

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Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de complicaciones y la calidad de vida tras la cirugía en dos grupos de pacientes sometidos a artroplastia total de cadera no cementadas con vástagos corto y con vástagos estándar. Material y Métodos: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo sobre un total de 106 artroplastias total de cadera implantadas en el Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real entre 2011 y 2015. Se comparan las siguientes variables: estancia hospitalaria, necesidad de transfusión sanguínea, complicaciones mecánicas, necesidad de revisión por cualquier causa, parámetros radiológicos (reabsorción del calcar, hundimiento, dismetría postquirúrgica, metría de cuello remanente) y dolor en cara anterior de muslo en dos grupos homogéneos de 63 vástagos convencionales anatómicos no cementados con 43 vástagos cortos de estabilización metafisaria y preservación parcial del cuello femoral ("partial collum"), implantadas por un mismo cirujano. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la T de Student para el análisis de variables cuantitativas y Chi cuadrado para variables cualitativas. Resultados: Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p< 0.05) en cuanto a variables estancia hospitalaria postquirúrgica, fracturas periprotésicas, dismetría, complicaciones mecánicas y metría del cuello remanente. Conclusiones: Los resultados avalan el empleo de vástagos cortos de estabilización metafisaria y preservación parcial del cuello femoral en pacientes jóvenes con adecuada calidad ósea y bien seleccionados, dadas las ventajas clínicas que suponen

Objetives: To evaluate the incidence of complications and the quality of life after surgery in two groups of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty not cemented with a short stem and with a standard uncemented stem. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was performed in a total of 106 total hip arthroplasties implanted in the University Hospital of Puerto Real between 2011 and 2015. The following variables are compared: hospital stay, need for blood transfusion, mechanical complications, need for revision for any reason , radiological parameters (calcar resorption, subsidence, postsurgical dysmetria, remnant neck metrics) and anterior thigh pain in two homoge-nous groups of 63 conventional uncemented anatomical stems with 43 short stems of metaphyseal stabilization and partial femoral neck preservation ("Partial collum"), implanted by the same surgeon. For the statistical analysis, T Student was used for the analysis of quantitative variables and Chi-square for qualitative variables. Results: The results show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in terms of postsurgical hospital stay variables, periprosthetic fractures, dysmetria, mechanical complications and metrics of the remaining neck. Conclusions: The results support the use of short stems of metaphyseal stabilization and preservation of the greater trochanter in young patients with adequate bone quality given the clinical advantages they imply

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Resumen Introducción. La región del antígeno leucocitario humano (Human Leukocyte Antigen, HLA) se ha asociado claramente con enfermedades autoinmunitarias, como la diabetes mellitus de tipo 1. Los polimorfismos representativos de un solo nucleótido (tag Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, tag SNP) constituyen una forma alternativa de evaluar los alelos clásicos del HLA. En la población europea se ha reportado un grupo de tag SNP para múltiples alelos clásicos relacionados con la predisposición o la resistencia frente a dicha enfermedad. Objetivo. Validar la metodología basada en los tag SNP enfocada en la inferencia de alelos HLA clásicos, y evaluar su asociación con la diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 en una muestra de familias antioqueñas. Materiales y métodos. Se estudió una muestra de 200 familias antioqueñas con uno a dos hijos afectados por diabetes mellitus de tipo 1. Se genotipificaron 13 SNP mediante el ARMS-PCR (Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction) con cuatro iniciadores, o mediante la PCR-RFLP (PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). Además, se evaluó la validez de los tag SNP de 1.000 genomas reportados en europeos en una muestra de 60 individuos de la población colombiana de Medellín. Se hicieron las pruebas de desequilibrio de la transmisión, de desequilibrio de ligamiento y de equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Resultados. En la población de estudio no se encontró suficiente desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los SNP y los alelos clásicos evaluados, por lo cual no fue posible inferir los alelos clásicos del HLA para el conjunto de familias con diabetes mellitus de tipo 1. El estudio de asociación evidenció que esta región aporta factores tanto de riesgo como de protección para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Los tag SNP apropiados para la muestra de estudio se determinaron usando los SNP ubicados en la región HLA en la base de datos del 1000 Genomes Project en la mencionada población. Conclusiones. Los patrones de desequilibrio de ligamiento en la población estudiada fueron diferentes a los reportados para la población europea. A pesar de esto, se encontró evidencia clara sobre el papel de la región HLA en el riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 en la población de estudio.

abstract Introduction: The HLA region strongly associates with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes. An alternative way to test classical HLA alleles is by using tag SNP. A set of tag SNP for several classical HLA alleles has been reported as associated with susceptibility or resistance to this disease in Europeans. Objective: We aimed at validating the methodology based on tag SNP focused on the inference of classical HLA alleles, and at evaluating their association with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a sample of 200 families from Antioquia. Materials and methods: We studied a sample of 200 families from Antioquia. Each family had one or two children with T1D. We genotyped 13 SNPs using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR or PCRRFLP. In addition, we tested the validity of the tag SNP reported for Europeans in 60 individuals from a population of Colombians living in Medellín (CLM) from the 1000 Genomes Project database. Statistical analyses included the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the transmission disequilibrium and the linkage disequilibrium tests. Results: The linkage disequilibrium was low in reported tag SNP and classical HLA alleles in this CLM population. Association analyses revealed both risk and protection factors to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus. Appropriate tag SNPs for the CLM population were determined by using the genotype information available in the 1000 Genome Project database. Conclusions: Although linkage disequilibrium patterns in this CLM population were different from those reported in Europeans, we did find strong evidence of the role of HLA in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the study population.

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Tomato crops can be affected by several infectious diseases produced by bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. Four phytopathogens are of special concern because of the major economic losses they generate worldwide in tomato production; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, causative agents behind two highly destructive diseases, bacterial canker and bacterial speck, respectively; fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici that causes Fusarium Wilt, which strongly affects tomato crops; and finally, Phytophthora spp., which affect both potato and tomato crops. Polygodial (1), drimenol (2), isonordrimenone (3), and nordrimenone (4) were studied against these four phytopathogenic microorganisms. Among them, compound 1, obtained from Drimys winteri Forst, and synthetic compound 4 are shown here to have potent activity. Most promisingly, the results showed that compounds 1 and 4 affect Clavibacter michiganensis growth at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively, and high antimycotic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora spp. with MIC of 64 µg/mL. The results of the present study suggest novel treatment alternatives with drimane compounds against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens.

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Becker's nevus syndrome is part of the epidermal nevus syndromes and has been described with a phenotype that includes Becker's nevus, ipsilateral breast hypoplasia, and variable skeletal malformations. It is more frequent in males than in females (5 : 1) but is more relevant in females. The diagnosis is clinically based and the skin lesion must be present and no other numbered criteria have been established, but with more criteria being present the possibility of the diagnosis is higher. Regarding the treatment of breast hypoplasia, the use of antiandrogen medication has demonstrated adequate clinical response in a dose of 50 mg/day of spironolactone.

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Los esguinces de tobillo son una de las lesiones más comunes en la vida diaria y deportiva. Hasta un 20% de estas lesiones provocan el desarrollo de una inestabilidad crónica de tobillo. En la exploración clínica destaca la referencia a una sensación de falta de control sobre la articulación. El tratamiento debe comenzar por una rehabilitación funcional y preventiva. Si el tratamiento conservador no es suficiente, la primera opción quirúrgica es la reparación ligamentosa directa o anatómica. Cuando los tejidos no son lo suficientemente resistentes, el segundo grupo de técnicas consiste en la reconstrucción anatómica, con diferentes injertos como refuerzo. Cuando estas opciones fracasan, o en estabilidades muy evolucionadas, existe un tercer grupo de técnicas basadas en la tenodesis o reconstrucciones no anatómicas. Es importante evaluar el estado articular en su conjunto, mediante técnicas como la artroscopia, para poder aportar una respuesta al resto de lesiones asociadas a la inestabilidad

Lateral ankle sprains are among the most common injuries incurred during daily life and sports participation. Up to 20% of these injuries result in the development of chronic ankle instability. In clinical examination revealed a reference to a feeling of lack of control over the joint. Treatment should start with a functional and preventive rehabilitation. If conservative treatment is not enough, the initial surgical option is direct or anatomical ligament repair when the quality of the ruptured ligaments permits. Anatomical reconstruction with autograft or allograft should be performed when the ruptured ligaments are attenuated. Non-anatomical reconstruction should be reserved for unsuccessful cases after anatomical repair or in cases where no adequate ligament remnants are available for reconstruction. Ankle arthroscopy is an important adjunct to ligamentous repair and should be performed at the time of repair to identify and address intra-articular conditions associated with chronic ankle instability

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BACKGROUND: Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (lymphoid) (PTPN22), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), and interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) are among the confirmed type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility genes in several populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PTPN22, CTLA4, and IFIH1 gene variants in the development of T1D in a Colombian population. METHODS: Associations of PTPN22, CTLA4, and IFIH1 variants with T1D were investigated in a sample of 197 nuclear families, including 205 affected children, in the Colombian population. Three to four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed per gene: rs2476600, rs2476601, rs1217418, and rs2488457 for PTPN22; rs1990760, rs3747517, and rs10930046 for IFIH1; and rs231775, rs3087243, and rs231779 for CTLA4. A transmission disequilibrium test was performed for the global sample, in addition to stratified analysis considering autoimmunity, age at onset, and parent of origin. Haplotypes per gene were also analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant transmission distortion for CTLA4. Conversely, SNPs rs10930046 (IFIH1) and rs2476601 (PTPN222) exhibited significant transmission distortion of the C and T alleles, respectively, from parents to affected children (odds ratio [OR] 0.57 and 1.83, respectively). In addition, decreased transmission of the C allele for rs10930046 occurred preferentially from mothers. Stratification analysis revealed that this association was maintained in individuals who were positive for autoantibodies and in those with an age of diagnosis <5 years. CONCLUSION: The results show that IFIH1 and PTPN22 are associated with T1D in Colombian families.

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La encefalopatía neurogastrointestinal mitocondrial (MNGIE) es una enfermedad genética que se manifiestadesde los primeros años de vida con episodios de íleo, obstrucción intestinal, trastorno de deglución, falla demedro, miopatía, neuropatía periférica y leucoencefalopatía. Sin embargo, las manifestaciones clínicas puedenser leves o incompletas. En la mayoría de los casos es producto de una mutación de novo, pero también puedeheredarse de forma autosómica recesiva. Específicamente, la mutación c.1416 se asocia a MNGIE con neuropatíaperiférica severa. A continuación se describe el debut, características clínicas, hallazgos bioquímicos,neuroimagen y confirmación de la mutación c.1416 de un paciente con MNGIE pero sin enfermedad demotoneurona inferior...

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) is a genetic disease with onset from infancy andexpressed with bowel obstruction, swallowing disorder, growth retardation, myopathy, peripheral neuropathyand cerebral leukoencephalopathy. The majority of cases are produced by a novo mutation and sometimes byan autosomic reccessive inheretance. MNGIE produced by c.1416 mutation has been associated with severeperipheral neuropathy. In the following report, we describe the onset disease, clinical features, biochemicaldata, cerebral magnetic resonance image, genetic test and literature review of a patient with MNGIE withoutinferior motoneuron disease and c.1416 mutation...

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Se realiza una revisión de los distintos conceptos, estrategias de tratamiento y dispositivos de osteosíntesis, desde que se comienza a conocer en los primeros tratados las fracturas del fémur en el siglo XVI hasta nuestros días. Mal conocida al principio, es confundida con luxaciones de cadera hasta incluso avanzado el siglo XVIII. En el siguiente siglo los cirujanos ponen su empeño en tipifi car los distintos trazos de fractura y relacionarlas con su pronóstico. Los tratamientos ortopédicos que defi enden las diversas escuelas, a veces incluso encontrados, y que abarcan hasta principios del siglo XX, provocan una alta incidencia de secuelas y un porcentaje muy preocupante de mortalidad sobre todo ligado al prolongado encamamiento. En el siglo XX y fruto de la mejora en técnicas asépticas y anestésicas se comienza a propugnar la cirugía, pero no es hasta la década de los 60 cuando nace la propuesta de que el tratamiento quirúrgico y de urgencia de estas fracturas, debe ser la regla. Se desarrollan diversos tipos de osteosíntesis pudiéndose establecer cuatro diferentes etapas: Sus inicios, el clavo-placa monobloque, las osteosíntesis dinámicas y por último los clavos trocantéricos. Todo progreso en el desarrollo de nuevas osteosíntesis, aunque sea mínimo es de gran utilidad y de importancia considerable, dada la gran repercusión de las fracturas de cadera en nuestro medio (AU)

A review was performed of the various concepts, treatment strategies and osteosynthesis devices, since the fi rst treaties about femoral fractures were published in the 16th Century, until today. Initially, it was poorly known and often confused with hip dislocations even until well into the 18th Century. In the following century surgeons strove into typifying the different fracture lines, thus relating these with their prognoses. The orthopedic treatment that the various schools defend, sometimes contradictory, and that was carried out until the onset of the 20th Century, caused a high incidence of secondary effects, and a very worrying percentage of mortality due to prolonged bed rest. In the 20th Century and thanks to improved aseptic and anesthetic techniques, surgical intervention was more widespread; nevertheless, it was not until the 1960s when surgical and emergency treatment of such fractures became the gold standard. Diverse types of osteosynthesis were developed, with four different stages being established: its beginnings, the monoblock nail-panel, dynamic osteosynthesis and lastly trochanteric nails. Progress in the development of new osteosynthesis—even minimum—is of great use and considerable importance, given the important repercussion of hip fractures (AU)

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