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INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are difficult to treat and pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. Here, we describe the presence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae in intensive care units (ICU) of three major Mato Grosso do Sul hospitals located in the Midwest region of Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A total of 165 K. pneumoniae isolates with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems as identified by the VITEK-2 compact system were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method, as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and the E-test method. The detection of carbapenemase was performed using the modified Hodge test and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The blaKPC gene was identified in 88.1% (n=89) of the selected K. pneumoniae isolates from Beneficent Association of Campo Grande, 94.9% (n=34) of the isolates from the Regional Hospital of Mato Grosso do Sul and 95.2% (n=26) of the isolates from Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital. Resistance greater than 80% was observed against cephalosporins, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam. Carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (Kp-KPC) isolates were considered important causative agents of urinary tract infections, pneumonia and bloodstream infections in ICU patients. While rarely reported in the literature, we documented three cases of meningoencephalitis caused by Kp-KPC. CONCLUSIONS: Our study documents the presence of Kp-KPC in three major Mato Grosso do Sul state hospitals, providing key national epidemiology data. This is an important mechanism of resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from ICU patients and is associated with resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobial drugs.
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BACKGROUND: Leishmania infection is a cofactor in the heightened cellular activation observed in patients with American visceral leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection, with or without progression to AIDS (AVL/HIV). Thus, the persistence of a high parasite load despite antileishmanial therapy could be responsible for the continued immune stimulation. METHODS: CD8(+) T cells expressing CD38, parasite load, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), soluble CD14, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP), and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1ß, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 17, interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor) were measured in 17 patients with AVL/HIV, 16 with HIV, and 14 healthy subjects (HS). RESULTS: Lower Leishmania parasitemia was observed after antileishmanial and antiretroviral therapies. However, higher levels of CD38(+) on CD8(+) T cells were observed in both clinical phases of leishmaniasis, compared with HIV cases. AVL/HIV and HIV patients showed higher levels of LPS and IFABP than HS. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were significantly augmented in patients with active coinfection, as well as those with remission of Leishmania infection. LPS levels and Leishmania infection were positively correlated with CD38 expression on CD8(+) T cells and with IL-6 and IL-8 levels. CONCLUSIONS: LPS levels along with the immune consequences of Leishmania infection were associated with elevated cellular activation in coinfected patients. As a consequence, secondary chemoprophylaxis for leishmaniasis or even the use of antiinflammatory drugs or antibiotics may be considered for improving the prognosis of AVL/HIV.
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Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Leishmaniasis Visceral/complicaciones , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Coinfección/inmunología , Coinfección/parasitología , Coinfección/virología , Estudios Transversales , Proteínas de Unión a Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangre , Interleucina-8/sangre , Leishmaniasis Visceral/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis Visceral/inmunología , Receptores de Lipopolisacáridos/sangre , Lipopolisacáridos/sangre , Parasitemia/inmunología , Parasitemia/parasitología , Parasitemia/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Concomitant infections may influence HIV progression by causing chronic activation leading to decline in T-cell function. In the Americas, visceral (AVL) and tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) have emerged as important opportunistic infections in HIV-AIDS patients and both of those diseases have been implicated as potentially important co-factors in disease progression. We investigated whether leishmaniasis increases lymphocyte activation in HIV-1 co-infected patients. This might contribute to impaired cellular immune function. METHODS: To address this issue we analyzed CD4+ T absolute counts and the proportion of CD8+ T cells expressing CD38 in Leishmania/HIV co-infected patients that recovered after anti-leishmanial therapy. RESULTS: We found that, despite clinical remission of leishmaniasis, AVL co-infected patients presented a more severe immunossupression as suggested by CD4+ T cell counts under 200 cells/mm3, differing from ATL/HIV-AIDS cases that tends to show higher lymphocytes levels (over 350 cells/mm3). Furthermore, five out of nine, AVL/HIV-AIDS presented low CD4+ T cell counts in spite of low or undetectable viral load. Expression of CD38 on CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in AVL or ATL/HIV-AIDS cases compared to HIV/AIDS patients without leishmaniasis or healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Leishmania infection can increase the degree of immune system activation in individuals concomitantly infected with HIV. In addition, AVL/HIV-AIDS patients can present low CD4+ T cell counts and higher proportion of activated T lymphocytes even when HIV viral load is suppressed under HAART. This fact can cause a misinterpretation of these laboratorial markers in co-infected patients.
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Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Leishmaniasis/complicaciones , Leishmaniasis/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Carga Viral , ADP-Ribosil Ciclasa 1/análisis , Adulto , Américas , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Relación CD4-CD8 , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/química , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1 , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
An increase in morbidity associated with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients has been described in Africa and the Mediterranean. Despite the high endemicity of VL and HIV-1/AIDS in Brazil, this association has not been thoroughly investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of VL-HIV-1/AIDS cases from Central-west [Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)] Brazil. Medical records of 23 VL-HIV-1/AIDS patients were reviewed. Patients were predominantly adult males (87%) and 34.8% of the patients were intravenous drug users (IVDU). Leishmaniasis was the first opportunistic infection in 60% of the HIV-1 patients. Fever occurred in all patients, although splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were absent in 21.7% of the cases. CD4+ T-cell counts were below 200 cells/mm(3) in 80% of the cases and the counts did not increase after clinical remission despite antiretroviral therapy. The first drug chosen to treat the cases was antimonial, but the therapeutic regimen was altered to amphotericin B in 12 of 17 cases due to side effects. Relapses were reported in 56.5% of the patients. IVDU may constitute an important risk factor for the transmission of both diseases in MS. VL-HIV-1/AIDS patients in MS share similar clinical characteristics as those from other endemic regions worldwide. Thus, these findings are critical for improving the surveillance of VL-HIV/AIDS patients.
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Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/epidemiología , Enfermedades Endémicas , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/diagnóstico , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Femenino , Humanos , Leishmaniasis Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis Visceral/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Meglumina/uso terapéutico , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Persona de Mediana Edad , Compuestos Organometálicos/uso terapéutico , Factores de Riesgo , Carga Viral , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
An increase in morbidity associated with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients has been described in Africa and the Mediterranean. Despite the high endemicity of VL and HIV-1/AIDS in Brazil, this association has not been thoroughly investigated. Our aim was to evaluate the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of VL-HIV-1/AIDS cases from Central-west [Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)] Brazil. Medical records of 23 VL-HIV-1/AIDS patients were reviewed. Patients were predominantly adult males (87 percent) and 34.8 percent of the patients were intravenous drug users (IVDU). Leishmaniasis was the first opportunistic infection in 60 percent of the HIV-1 patients. Fever occurred in all patients, although splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were absent in 21.7 percent of the cases. CD4+ T-cell counts were below 200 cells/mm³ in 80 percent of the cases and the counts did not increase after clinical remission despite antiretroviral therapy. The first drug chosen to treat the cases was antimonial, but the therapeutic regimen was altered to amphotericin B in 12 of 17 cases due to side effects. Relapses were reported in 56.5 percent of the patients. IVDU may constitute an important risk factor for the transmission of both diseases in MS. VL-HIV-1/AIDS patients in MS share similar clinical characteristics as those from other endemic regions worldwide. Thus, these findings are critical for improving the surveillance of VL-HIV/AIDS patients.