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Clinical studies demonstrate the impact of smoking on bone tissue fragility and higher incidence of fractures. However, it is not totally understood which physiological mechanisms could be involved in these events. Previously, we showed important changes in bone tissue components in experimental model of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. CS exposure induces worsening in bone mineralization and a decrease in collagen type I deposition, leading to bone fragility. Considering that the majority of clinical studies described bone structural changes by radiographic images, in this study we performed analyses "in situ" using tissue samples from smokers, former smokers and non-smokers to better understand how the increase in inflammatory mediators induced by smoking exposure could interfere in bone cells activity leading bone structural changes. We observed increased levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α in bone tissue homogenates with a concomitant increase in osteoblast apoptosis in smokers and former smokers compared with non-smokers. Histological changes in both smokers and former smokers were characterized by reduction in collagen type I. Only in smokers, it was observed decrease in trabecular area, suggesting increased bone resorption and increase in collagen type V. These results showed that osteoblasts apoptosis in association with increased bone resorption leads bone structural changes in smokers.

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Obesity is associated with an increased risk of severe Covid-19. However, the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people with obesity is unknown. Here we studied the relationship between body mass index (BMI), hospitalization and mortality due to Covid-19 amongst 3.5 million people in Scotland. Vaccinated people with severe obesity (BMI>40 kg/m2) were significantly more likely to experience hospitalization or death from Covid-19. Excess risk increased with time since vaccination. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we conducted a prospective longitudinal study of the immune response in a clinical cohort of vaccinated people with severe obesity. Compared with normal weight people, six months after their second vaccine dose, significantly more people with severe obesity had unquantifiable titres of neutralizing antibody against authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus, reduced frequencies of antigen-experienced SARS-CoV-2 Spike-binding B cells, and a dissociation between anti-Spike antibody levels and neutralizing capacity. Neutralizing capacity was restored by a third dose of vaccine, but again declined more rapidly in people with severe obesity. We demonstrate that waning of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced humoral immunity is accelerated in people with severe obesity and associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from breakthrough infections. Given the prevalence of obesity, our findings have significant implications for global public health.

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This data article incorporates, in an unbalanced panel data, five variables types: financial and market; board structure; board network and social capital; ownership and governance level; the cost of capital. The dataset is formed of 6024 firm-level annual observations based on 622 Brazilian public companies investigated between the years of 2002 and 2015, totaling 56 variables. A three-level data structure was created to allow aggregate directors and network board data into the panel data. Directors' data and adjacency matrix are included to allow for multilevel hierarchical analyzes as well as the use of analytical methods of social networks.

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The objective of this article was to investigate the perception of esthetic changes in the facial profile of bilateral Class II patients treated with the Modified Thurow Appliance for extraoral treatment. Silhouettes were traced of profiles of patients who initially presented a bilateral Class II molar relationship and who, post-treatment, presented molars in a Class I relationship. Three groups were formed: the first composed of patients with maxillary protrusion (SNA >84°), the second with maxillary retrusion (SNA <80°), and the third with a well-positioned maxilla (SNA 80-84°). A panel of 200 lay evaluators judged the profile esthetics by a randomized drawing of the silhouettes. The multiple analysis results showed that the profile esthetic scores for the three positions of the maxilla were greatly influenced by significant interactions with the characteristics (like sex and age) of the evaluators: retrusive maxilla (Score *Age Group, p < 0.001), normal maxilla (Score *Sex, p = 0.024; Score *Age Group, p = 0.050) and protrusive maxilla (Score *Age Group, p < 0.001). It was observed that the profile of Class II patients with protrusion, normal relationship and retrusion of the maxilla, improved in their esthetic post-treatment result; however, the evaluators showed greater satisfaction with the groups of protrusion and normal position of the maxilla. The Modified Thurow Appliance provided significant improvements in the esthetics of the profile of patients who presented protrusion and normal position of the maxilla. However, its use was not the best treatment option for patients with maxillary retrusion.

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The objective of this article was to investigate the perception of esthetic changes in the facial profile of bilateral Class II patients treated with the Modified Thurow Appliance for extraoral treatment. Silhouettes were traced of profiles of patients who initially presented a bilateral Class II molar relationship and who, post-treatment, presented molars in a Class I relationship. Three groups were formed: the first composed of patients with maxillary protrusion (SNA >84°), the second with maxillary retrusion (SNA <80°), and the third with a well-positioned maxilla (SNA 80-84°). A panel of 200 lay evaluators judged the profile esthetics by a randomized drawing of the silhouettes. The multiple analysis results showed that the profile esthetic scores for the three positions of the maxilla were greatly influenced by significant interactions with the characteristics (like sex and age) of the evaluators: retrusive maxilla (Score *Age Group, p< 0.001), normal maxilla (Score *Sex, p= 0.024; Score *Age Group,p= 0.050) and protrusive maxilla (Score *Age Group,p< 0.001). It was observed that the profile of Class II patients with protrusion, normal relationship and retrusion of the maxilla, improved in their esthetic post-treatment result; however, the evaluators showed greater satisfaction with the groups of protrusion and normal position of the maxilla. The Modified Thurow Appliance provided significant improvements in the esthetics of the profile of patients who presented protrusion and normal position of the maxilla. However, its use was not the best treatment option for patients with maxillary retrusion.

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Introdução: a educação não precisa limitar-se ao discurso de um professor em sala de aula. Existem formas de tornar o aprendizado mais fácil e eficaz, e umas das principais formas é a linguagem audiovisual. Por seu intermédio, a informação ganha um formato mais simples de ser digerida e lembrada. Uma vertente importante da linguagem audiovisual é a animação, que tem um apelo forte especialmente ao público infantil. Pode-se aproveitar essa empatia que a animação exerce sobre as crianças para capturar a tão volúvel atenção delas. Objetivos: o objetivo deste trabalho é expor o valor da animação como forma de simplificar o aprendizado e apresentar uma animação desenvolvida pelo Núcleo de Extensão e Pesquisa Odontológica (Nepo), em parceria com o Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Software (CPDS), com intuito de mostrar a importância da escovação diária. Materiais e método: foram analisadas, na pesquisa, obras disponíveis na Biblioteca Jorge Amado, localizada no Campus de Jequié da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, nas bases de dados do Scielo e do Google Acadêmico, nas bibliotecas virtuais da USP e da Unicamp. Para o desenvolvimento da animação foram utilizados softwares específicos da área de informática voltados para animação de imagens. Resultados: Na pesquisa foram abordados vários documentos relacionados ao uso da animação ou de materiais audiovisuais na educação em geral. Com base nesses estudos, criamos um vídeo animado, mostrando a importância da animação no cotidiano das pessoas. Conclusão: a pesquisa mostrou a importância de encontrar formas diferentes de realizar o ensino.

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The scope of this study was to evaluate drug prescriptions for elderly patients in the geriatric outpatient ward of a hospital. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a university hospital, with the application of a questionnaire. Patients aged >60 years were interviewed about their drug prescriptions and a total of 208 patients were interviewed. The average number of drugs used per person was 3.8 and the drugs most used were for the cardiovascular system (37%). 406 potential interactions were identified in 140 patients (67.3%), and duplicate therapy was found in two prescriptions. The potentially inappropriate drug most used for the elderly was nifedipine (2.4%). Data from this study support the relevance of the issue of drug use among the elderly, thus reinforcing the importance of the evaluation of the process of the prescription of drugs for this population.

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O objetivo foi avaliar prescrições medicamentosas de pacientes idosos atendidos no ambulatório de geriatria de um hospital. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal e descritivo, desenvolvido em um hospital universitário, com o auxílio de um questionário. Os pacientes com idade > 60 anos foram entrevistados sobre os medicamentos prescritos. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 208 pacientes. A média de medicamentos utilizados por pessoa foi de 3,8 e os medicamentos mais utilizados foram do aparelho cardiovascular (37,0%). Foram identificadas 406 interações potenciais em 140 pacientes (67,3%) e duplicidade terapêutica em duas prescrições. O medicamento potencialmente inapropriado para idosos mais utilizado foi o nifedipino (2,4%). Conclusão: Os dados deste estudo corroboram sobre a temática do uso de medicamentos em idosos, reforçando a importância da avaliação do processo de prescrição de medicamentos para essa população.

The scope of this study was to evaluate drug prescriptions for elderly patients in the geriatric outpatient ward of a hospital. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a university hospital, with the application of a questionnaire. Patients aged > 60 years were interviewed about their drug prescriptions and a total of 208 patients were interviewed. The average number of drugs used per person was 3.8 and the drugs most used were for the cardiovascular system (37%). 406 potential interactions were identified in 140 patients (67.3%), and duplicate therapy was found in two prescriptions. The potentially inappropriate drug most used for the elderly was nifedipine (2.4%). Data from this study support the relevance of the issue of drug use among the elderly, thus reinforcing the importance of the evaluation of the process of the prescription of drugs for this population.

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A importância do uso do preservativo nas relações sexuais já é de domínio público,porém,esse conhecimento nem sempre leva ao uso. Este estudo teve o objetivo de verificar a percepção de usuários de motéis sobre o risco para contrair HIV diante de suas práticas sexuais. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em dois motéis de dois municípios do interior de Minas Gerais com uma amostra de 308 indivíduos. Foram realizados testes estatísticos bivariados (qui-quadrado e teste tpara amostras independentes) e multivariados (Regressão logística). Encontraram-se 42,5% dos participantes com idade entre 18 e 25 anos. Em todos os tipos de relação sexual, existe pouca ounenhuma dificuldade em propor o uso do preservativo ao parceiro em mais de 80% dos participantes. A quantidade de parceiros sexuais foi o principal fator explicativo para a percepção sobre o risco de contrair HIV. Entretanto, a percepção sobre o risco de contrair HIV não estava associada ao uso de preservativos. Conclui-se que a percepção sobre o risco de contrair HIV não influenciou no comportamento de prevenção.

The importance of using condoms during sexual intercourse is already in the public domain however this knowledge does not always lead to the use. This study aimed to verify the perception of users of motels on the risk of contracting HIV on their sexual practices. It is a cross-sectional study conducted in two motels in two municipalities in Minas Gerais with a sample of 308 individuals. Bivariate statistical tests were performed (chi-square and ttest for independent samples) and multivariate (logistic regression). 42.5% of the participants are aged 18 to 25 years. In all types of intercourse, there is little or zero difficulty in proposing the use of condoms to the partner in more than 80% of participants. The number of sexual partners was the main reason for the perception of the risk of contracting HIV. However, the perception of the risk of HIV infection was not associated to condom use. It is concluded that the perception of the risk of contracting HIV did not influence the behavior of prevention.

La importancia del uso de preservativos durante las relaciones sexuales ya está en el dominio público, sin embargo este conocimiento no siempre conduce a la utilización. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la percepción de los usuarios de moteles sobre el riesgo de contraer el VIH en sus prácticas sexuales. Este es un estudio transversal realizado en dos moteles en dos municipios de Minas Gerais, con una muestra de 308 individuos. Fueron realizados testes estadísticos bivariados(chi-cuadrado y la prueba tpara muestras independientes) y multivariados(regresión logística). El 42,5% de los participantes tienen entre 18 y 25 años. En todo tipo de relaciones sexuales, hay poca o ninguna dificultad en proponer el uso del condón en más del 80% de los participantes. El número de parejas sexuales fue el principal factor explicativo de la percepción del riesgo de contraer el VIH. Sin embargo, la percepción del riesgo de contraer el VIH no se asoció con el uso del condón. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la percepción del riesgo de contraer el VIH no influyó en la prevención de la conducta.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of perception of laypersons, professionals, and dental students, regarding the aesthetic appearance of the smile in cases of gingival plastic surgery of the maxilla for correction of a gingival smile, by examining alterations in photographs. MATERIALS/METHODS: Alterations were made to an extraoral front-view-photograph of a gingival smile in normal occlusion, by gingival recontouring of the maxilla, simulating a gingival plastic surgery procedure to diminish gingival exposure. For this purpose, specific image-manipulation program (Adobe-Photoshop-Software-CS3) was used. Images were printed on photographic-paper, attached to questionnaire, distributed among laypersons, professionals, and dental students to evaluate degree of aesthetics (n = 150). To evaluate degree of aesthetics, an attractiveness scale was used, with 0 representing hardly attractive, 5 for attractive, and 10 for very attractive. Differences between examiners were examined by Mann-Whitney test. All the statistics were performed with a confidence level of 95 per cent. RESULTS: Both dental professionals and students and laypersons were capable of identifying alterations resulting from gingival plastic surgery. In all evaluated groups, they demonstrated that large gingival extension does not always affect aesthetic appearance of the smile, and maxillary incisors not being much visualized is characterized as hardly attractive, with statistically lower scores being attributed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According to aesthetic parameters, the presence of the gingiva is important in the composition of the smile, however, only when exposed to small extent.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether photos or silhouettes are adequate methods for evaluating the esthetic profiles of black subjects and whether black and white evaluators have different preferences for esthetic profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One photographic record of the profile of a black female patient with accentuated dental bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion was randomly selected. The image of the patient's profile was altered to produce a series of seven photos and seven silhouettes (a total of 14 images) with different lip positions but uniform distances in relation to the esthetic plane created by Ricketts (line E). Fifty black and 50 white lay evaluators were invited to enumerate the photos and silhouettes, produced according to the lip position, in the order in which they considered most esthetically pleasing. RESULTS: The number of preferences found to be within the esthetic norm was slightly higher among the photographs than among the silhouettes; the esthetic profile with a deviation of -2 mm from line E was elected as the most attractive, and the esthetic pattern with a deviation of +6 mm from the normal line E was considered the least attractive. There were no statistically significant differences between the preferences related to the variables race, sex, and educational background. CONCLUSIONS: The esthetic attractiveness of the facial profiles of black subjects in photos and silhouettes was evaluated in a similar manner among black and white evaluators. Among both black and white evaluators, the greatest preference was for the slightly concave profile, which was within the limit considered standard.

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Objetivo: analisar a produção científica de enfermagem relacionada ao trabalho noturno entre 2002 a 2012 erefletir as repercussões do trabalho noturno na saúde destes trabalhadores. Método: revisão integrativa deliteratura de caráter descritivo e exploratório realizada nas bases de dados da Literatura Latino Americana edo Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) em abril de 2012. Utilizou-se por critérios de exclusão: trabalhospublicados antes de 2002 que fugiam ao tema de interesse da pesquisa, os resumos e os repetidos; incluíramsetrabalhos em português na íntegra. Os dados foram analisados através da análise de conteúdo. Resultados:mediante aos achados emergiram duas categorias: a produção científica da enfermagem em relação aotrabalho noturno e as repercussões do trabalho noturno na saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem. Conclusão:a análise permitiu observar a crescente preocupação com as repercussões do trabalho noturno na saúde dotrabalhador de enfermagem a nível psíquico e somático.

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Introduction: The business world has been in constant competition and information is the main tool for the decision process in order to obtain more clients, to improve the performance, the quality of services and to increase profits. Facing this reality, Information Technology (IT) has been improving technologies and making possible many advances in this area. Objective: This article aims to perform a technical analysis about software designed for dental practice management by assessing their available functions. Material and methods: Software were assessed in the period from July to October of 2011 by using the following criteria: functions, interface, security and price. Results: The software had neither all fundamental items nor all the security items assessed. 75% responded positively to at least half of the interface heuristics proposed by Nielsen. Price is around R$ 576.96 per year and 40% of the software have purchase rate from R$ 50.00 to R$ 100.00. Conclusion: The research and analysis found out that most of software show some problems about security and functions. However, they exhibited user-friendly interface and affordable prices.

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This study aimed to verify risk behavior for infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in people who attended motels. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in two motels in two municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a sample of 308 randomly selected individuals, aged between 18 and 60 years. Bivariate (chi-square and t test for independent samples) and multivariate (logistic regression) statistical tests were performed. A total of 45.8% of the participants reported not having used a condom during the last vaginal sexual intercourse, 48.4% did not use a condom during the last oral sex, while 26.3% reported not having used a condom in the last anal intercourse. Having a steady partner was the strongest predictor of not using condoms. Probable beliefs regarding loyalty involved in a stable relationship may be contributing to the failure to use condoms during intercourse, increasing the risk of HIV infection.

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This study aimed to verify risk behavior for infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in people who attended motels. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in two motels in two municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a sample of 308 randomly selected individuals, aged between 18 and 60 years. Bivariate (chi-square and t test for independent samples) and multivariate (logistic regression) statistical tests were performed. A total of 45.8% of the participants reported not having used a condom during the last vaginal sexual intercourse, 48.4% did not use a condom during the last oral sex, while 26.3% reported not having used a condom in the last anal intercourse. Having a steady partner was the strongest predictor of not using condoms. Probable beliefs regarding loyalty involved in a stable relationship may be contributing to the failure to use condoms during intercourse, increasing the risk of HIV infection.

Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar comportamentos de risco referentes à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) em pessoas que frequentaram motéis. Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado em dois motéis de dois municípios do interior de Minas Gerais, com amostra de 308 indivíduos, seguindo cálculo amostral, selecionados aleatoriamente, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos. Foram realizados testes estatísticos bivariados (qui-quadrado e teste t para amostras independentes) e multivariados (regressão logística). Dentre os participantes, 45,8% relataram não ter usado preservativo na última relação sexual vaginal, 48,4% não utilizaram preservativo na última relação sexual oral, enquanto 26,3% afirmaram não ter usado na última relação anal. Ter um parceiro fixo foi o maior preditor do não uso do preservativo. Prováveis crenças de fidelidade, envolvidas em um relacionamento estável, podem estar contribuindo para o não uso do preservativo nas relações, aumentando o risco de infecção pelo HIV.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las conductas de riesgo al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en personas que asistieron moteles. Estudio transversal realizado en dos moteles en dos municipios de Minas Gerais con una muestra de 308 personas. Bivariado se realizaron pruebas estadísticas (Jue-cuadrado y t para muestras independientes) y multivariado (regresión logística). La mayoría (42,5%) tenían entre 18 y 25 años y el 45,8% no había utilizado preservativo en sus últimas relaciones sexuales vaginales, 48,4% no usó condón para sexo oral, mientras que 26,3 % reportó no haber utilizado el su última relación anal. Tener una pareja estable fue el mejor predictor para no usarse condones. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la lealtad tiende a estar involucrada en una relación estable puede estar contribuyendo a la no utilización de preservativos en las relaciones, aumentando la vulnerabilidad.

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Snakebites are common and lead to potential complications like neuromyopathies and strokes, these last associated with disturbances of blood coagulation. We report on a 65 years old woman of cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage associated with snakebite by a Bothrops jararaca that occurred in the Reconcavo of Bahia, BA, Brazil. The patient was submitted to a surgical evacuation of the hematoma, with a good result. This report is accompanied by a revision about the association among snakebite and neurological complications, emphasizing strokes. Statistics reveal a high incidence of snakebite in the world, mainly in tropical countries and gets attention for his socioeconomic impact. The clinical and laboratory characteristics to identify the victims that present a high risk of presenting strokes are discussed in order to identify early those patients, so that they may be treated in a more precocious and effective way.

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Snakebites are common and lead to potential complications like neuromyopathies and strokes, these last associated with disturbances of blood coagulation. We report on a 65 years old woman of cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage associated with snakebite by a Bothrops jararaca that occurred in the Reconcavo of Bahia, BA, Brazil. The patient was submitted to a surgical evacuation of the hematoma, with a good result. This report is accompanied by a revision about the association among snakebite and neurological complications, emphasizing strokes. Statistics reveal a hight incidence of snakebite in the world, mainly in tropical countries and gets attention for his socioeconomic impact. The clinical and laboratorial characteristics to identify the victims that present a high risk of presenting strokes are discussed in order to identify early those patients, so that they may be treated in a more precocious and effective way.

Acidentes ofídicos são comuns e trazem como potenciais complicações neuromiopatias e doenças cerebrovasculares, estas últimas associadas a distúrbios da coagulação sanguínea. Relatamos sobre uma mulher de 65 anos com hemorragia cerebral intraparenquimatosa associado a acidente ofídico por Bothrops jararaca, ocorrido no Recôncavo Baiano, BA, Brasil. A paciente foi submetida à craniotomia para evacuação cirúrgica do hematoma, com bom desfecho final. Este relato é acompanhado de revisão sobre a associação entre ofidismo e complicações neurológicas, com enfoque as doenças cerebrovasculares. As estatísticas impressionam pela alta incidência de acidente ofídico no mundo, principalmente em países tropicais e chama atenção o seu impacto sócio-econômico. Discutimos os achados clínicos e laboratoriais que identificam quais vítimas apresentam maior risco de apresentar complicações cerebrovasculares a fim de se identificar precocemente esses pacientes, para que possam ser tratados de forma mais precoce e eficaz.

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This work aimed to establish the relationship between the compositions and pH of ATPS PEG 6000/CaCl2 and the proteins partition from maize malt and also to simplify the process optimization in ATPS for a statistical model, established by response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that these were no influence of pH on the phase diagrams and on the composition of tie line length of PEG 6000/CaCl2 ATPS. SRM analyses showed that elevated pH and larger tie line length were the best conditions for recovering of maize malt proteins. The maximum partition coefficient by PEG 6000/CaCl2 ATPS was about 4.2 and was achieved in ATPS in a single purification step. The theoretical maximum partition coefficient was between 4.1-4.3. The process was very suitable for continuous aqueous two-phase purification due to the stability of proteins (e.g. and -amylases) and could increase their content into middle.

Este trabalho objetivou encontrar uma relação entre a composição e o pH do sistema bifásico aquoso (SBA) PEG 6000/CaCl2 e a partição de proteínas do malte de milho, e assim simplificando a otimização do processo por um modelo estatístico, estabelecido por metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM). Os resultados mostraram que não houve influência do pH sobre os diagramas de fases e sobre a composição das linhas de amarração do SBA PEG/CaCl2. As analises RSM mostraram que em pH elevado e nas maiores linha de amarração encontra-se a melhor condição para a recuperação das proteínas do malte de milho. O coeficiente de partição máximo foi cerca de 4,2 para uma única etapa de purificação no SBA 6000/CaCl2. O coeficiente de partição máximo encontrado teoricamente esteve entre 4,1-4,3. O processo é adequado para a purificação contínua via sistemas bifásicos aquosos, já que as proteínas do malte (ex: e -amilases) são estáveis e podendo elevar sua concentração no meio.