RESUMEN
The prevalence and genetic characteristics of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) were examined. Between October 2010 and March 2011, E. coli (n=460) and K. pneumoniae (n=78) isolates were collected at a tertiary care hospital in Guadalajara, Mexico. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each isolate was determined using a broth microdilution method, and ESBL production was assayed. The presence of ß-lactamase genes, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaTLA-1, was detected by PCR and confirmed with sequencing. Only ESBL-producing isolates were further subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and plasmid profiling. All of the ESBL isolates were multidrug resistant and 75/460 (16.3%) E. coli isolates and 21/78 (26.9%) K. pneumoniae isolates were found to produce ESBL. For the E. coli isolates, >95% susceptibility to amikacin, meropenem, fosfomycin, imipenem, and nitrofurantoin was observed. For K. pneumoniae, similar results were obtained, with discrepancies observed for gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. PFGE further identified eleven pulsotypes for E. coli and three clusters of K. pneumoniae. CTX-M-15 was detected in 85% of ESBL-producing E. coli and in 76% of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. In contrast, SHV-5 ESBL was identified in 17% of E. coli isolates and in 86% of K. pneumoniae isolates. The bla-TLA-1 gene was not detected in any of the 96 isolates analyzed. Overall, CTX-M-15 and SHV-5 were found to have a high rate of spread throughout the hospital and were associated with strong multidrug resistance.
Asunto(s)
Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiología , Escherichia coli/genética , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Niño , Preescolar , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Atención Terciaria de Salud , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Introducción. Se presenta la descripción de un brote de bacteriemia y colonización gastrointestinal nosocornial por Serratia marcescens en una Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal (UCIN) de un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos. El período epidémico fue considerado del 17 de mayo al 17 de junio de 2006. Se definió como caso a cualquier paciente con cultivo positivo para S. marcescens durante el período epidémico, ya que no se había identificado ningún cultivo positivo para esta bacteria en 6 meses de período pre-epidémico. Para identificar factores de riesgo de desarrollo de infección/colonización por S. mareescens, se compararon los casos con pacientes controles, definidos como aquéllos expuestos durante el período del brote sin aislamiento de esta bacteria. Todos los aislamientos de microorganismos fueron genotipificados por restricción con endonucleasa y electroforesis en gel por campos pulsados (PFGE). Resultados. Durante el período epidémico se identificaron 7 pacientes con cultivos positivos para S. marcescens y 12 controles. El paciente índice tuvo hemocultivo positivo y cuadro clínico de bacteriemia nosocomial, seguido por un caso de ventriculitis con cultivo positivo para S. marcescens en líquido cefalorraquídeo. Los otros 5 casos tuvieron aislamiento de S. marcescens en coprocultivos. Los cultivos de soluciones intravenosas y superficies inanimadas fueron negativos. El análisis univariado demostró que los pacientes con infección/colonización por S. marcescens tuvieron una estancia hospitalaria más prolongada (52 vs 27.9 días, P < 0.05), mayor frecuencia de alimentación enteral y presencia de sonda orogástrica al compararse con los controles. El patrón de PFGE fue idéntico en todos los aislamientos de S. mareescens. El reforzamiento de precauciones de contacto, incluyendo lavado de manos, además de cierre temporal de la UCIN, controló el problema de brote. Conclusión. El análisis epidemiológico complementado con técnicas de epidemiología molecular en este estudio aporta evidencia de un brote de 2 casos de bacteriemia nosocomial por transmisión cruzada de S. marcescens a través de un reservorio gastrointestinal. Estos hallazgos confirman la importancia que tienen las medidas de precauciones de contacto como el lavado de manos en el manejo de pacientes de la UCIN para prevenir infecciones nosocomiales y control de brotes.
Introduction. We investigated an outbreak of Serratia marcescens bloodstream infection (BSI)/colonization in patients from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in a tertiary care pediatric Hospital. Material and methods. May 17 through June 17, 2006 was considered as the study period. A case was defined as any patient with S. marcescens-positive culture in the NICU during the outbreak period because no S. marcescens was identified in this area within 6 month of pre-epidemic period. To identify risk factors we compared patients with S. marcescens positive-cultures with controls exposed to the cases during the outbreak period without positive cultures. Genotyping of all S. marcescens isolates were evaluated by restriction endonuclease and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results. Seven S. marcescens positive cultures were identified; the index case had a positive blood culture with diagnosis of BSI, followed by a patient with CSF positive culture with diagnosis of ventriculitis and BSI. The remaining 5 cases had concurrent S. marcescens isolates from stool cultures (colonization). Environmental cultures (water, IV solutions and inanimate surfaces) were negative for these bacteria. According to univariate analysis, patients with S. marcescens stayed in the NICU longer than controls (52 vs 27.9 days, P < 0.05), they were more likely to have an orogastric tube in place and to receive enteral nutrition. All the S. marcescens had an identical pattern of PFGE analysis. Contact precaution, including hand washing, was reinforced in addition to temporary closing of the NICU in order to control the outbreak. Conclusions. This outbreak of S. marcescens was studied using epidemiological analysis and molecular biology techniques, confirming cross-transmission between cases associated to a possible gastrointestinal reservoir. Our findings underscore the importance of hand hygiene and other contact precaution methods in hospital settings, such as NICU.
RESUMEN
We describe the prevalence and molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum beta -lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae causing nosocomial bacteremia and urinary tract infections in a Mexican general hospital. We analyzed 82 episodes of bacteremia (approximately 60% of episodes) and urinary tract infection (approximately 40% of episodes) due to K. pneumoniae during a 23-month surveillance period. The neonatal intensive care unit accounted for 49% of all episodes. All strains were imipenem susceptible; 62.2% of the strains were resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and aztreonam; 69.5% were resistant to amikacin; 58.5% were resistant to gentamicin; and 7.3% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All strains were associated with 28 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and dissemination of 2 ceftazidime-resistant clones produced 44% of the cases. The ESBL phenotype in these clones was transferred by identical or highly related megaplasmids. The ESBL activity corresponded to SHV-5 and TLA-1. Cross-transmission of 2 ceftazidime-resistant clones and the horizontal spread of identical or highly related megaplasmids explain the high prevalence of ESBL phenotype in these infections.