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BACKGROUND: Pericardiocentesis offers a definitive diagnostic and a life-saving therapeutic modality through removal of pericardial fluid and relief of high intrapericardial pressure. Percutaneous pericardiocentesis has been performed via different approaches depending on different institutional experiences. In this paper, we present our institutional experience and review the current literature of the different approaches for performing percutaneous pericardiocentesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated consecutive patients who underwent echocardiographic-guided pericardiocentesis via the apical approach for pericardial effusion between the period of April 1st, 2022, and April 1st, 2023, at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). Health records were reviewed for clinical presentations, available imaging findings, procedural outcomes, and short-term follow up. RESULTS: A total of eight consecutive cases of pericardiocentesis via the apical approach were found. Seven were successful. No complications were reported. Six patients had evidence of tamponade physiology on echocardiogram. CONCLUSION: Historically, pericardiocentesis has been most performed via the subxiphoid approach. However, an ultrasound-guided apical approach offers a safe and effective alternative and may be preferable in patients with challenging anatomies.
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Intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the most frequently used anticoagulant for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Intravenous enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, has superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared with UFH. Multiple trials have shown enoxaparin to be safe and effective in PCI. However, there has not been a contemporary study evaluating its safety and efficacy. To assess its efficacy and safety, intravenous enoxaparin during PCI through radial artery access was evaluated in PCI patients from January 2015 to December 2019. Outcomes included procedural success, all-cause mortality, ischemic complications, and bleeding complications from the time of the procedure until hospital discharge. A total of 1019 consecutive eligible patients were identified. Median age was 63 years, and 70% were men. The indication for PCI was stable and unstable angina in two-thirds of cases (77%). Few patients had myocardial infarction (MI) (2.2%) as the indication for intervention. The procedure was successful in 98.2% of cases. There were no deaths. Procedural MI occurred in 0.3% of patients. Acute stent thrombosis occurred in 0.4%. Urgent revascularization and stroke occurred in 0.1% each. Small wrist hematomas occurred in 0.3% and all were managed conservatively. There was one radial artery pseudoaneurysm. There were no cases of major bleeding. In conclusion, this single-center study showed that intravenous enoxaparin is a reasonable alternative anticoagulant for use in low-risk and elective non-MI PCI through radial artery access.
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Infarto del Miocardio , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Masculino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Enoxaparina , Heparina , Resultado del Tratamiento , AnticoagulantesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Abnormal and indeterminate electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during cardiac stress imaging are not uncommon. While the prognostic importance of abnormal ECG despite normal imaging has been previously studied, prognosis of indeterminate stress ECG changes is uncertain. METHODS: We studied the prognostic value of stress ECG changes in symptomatic patients without known CAD and normal stress imaging from the PROMISE trial. Patients with normal ECG (concordant), indeterminate ECG and abnormal ECG (discordant) were identified among those with negative exercise imaging stress test (EIST) and negative vasodilator nuclear stress test (PIST). Outcomes of interest were major adverse cardiovascular endpoint (MACE, including all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and unstable angina hospitalization) and likelihood of coronary revascularization. RESULTS: In EIST, indeterminate stress ECG [1.1% vs. 0.2% adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 4.2, (95% CI 1.11-15.6), p = 0.034] and discordant ECG [7.2% vs. 0.2% adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 27.6, (95% CI 9.6-79.8), p < 0.0001] were associated with increased likelihood of revascularization compared to normal stress ECG. Similar findings were observed with PIST [indeterminate vs concordant [1.7% vs. 0.5% adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 5.9, (95% CI 1.1-31.7), p = 0.041; discordant vs concordant 15.4% vs. 0.5% adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 24.2, (95% CI 4.6-127.7), p = 0.0002]. MACE rates were similar between ECG subgroups, in both EIST and PIST. CONCLUSION: In symptomatic patients without known CAD undergoing stress imaging, indeterminate and discordant ECG changes results may indicate presence of obstructive CAD despite normal imaging results and predict increased likelihood of coronary revascularization despite no significant difference in MACE.
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Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Infarto del Miocardio , Angiografía Coronaria/efectos adversos , Angiografía Coronaria/métodos , Electrocardiografía , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , VasodilatadoresRESUMEN
The presence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been associated with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). However, factors associated with the development of MACE in symptomatic women with non-obstructive CAD on coronary CTA have not been fully elucidated. We sought to examine the influence of risk factors and coronary artery calcification on MACE in symptomatic women with non-obstructive CAD on coronary CTA. Women from PROMISE and SCOT-HEART trials with none or non-obstructive CAD on coronary CTA comprised the study cohort. Baseline characteristics and clinical presentation were assessed. Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves was done to compare outcomes stratified by the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score and the Agatston score. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and revascularization. 2597 women had non-obstructive CAD or normal coronary CTA, with a median follow-up of 32 months. Compared to women without MACE, women with MACE had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and higher mean ASCVD risk scores. Further, women with non-obstructive CAD and ASCVD ≥ 7.5% had higher risk of MACE than those with ASCVD < 7.5% [3.2% vs. 1.1%, adjusted HR (aHR) of 3.1 (95% CI 1.32, 7.23), P-value 0.009]. The Agatston calcium score, on the other hand, was not independently associated with MACE among this population of symptomatic women. Symptomatic women with non-obstructive CAD on coronary CTA are at higher risk for MACE, with the ASCVD risk score being independently associated with the occurrence of adverse events.