RESUMEN
The properties of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), specifically the fact that they are soluble in aqueous buffers below and aggregate reversibly above a well-defined transition temperature, are extensively used for protein purification, enzyme recycling, and more recently, for in vivo applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. ELPs are artificial but biocompatible polypeptides composed of pentameric repeats (Val-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Gly) containing different guest residues Xaa, derived from mammalian elastin. The temperature-dependent aggregation and desaggregation of ELPs is controlled by composition of the pentameric repeats as well as the number of repetitive units within the ELP. External parameters such as ELP concentration, pH, and most importantly, salt effects heavily influence the transition temperature. Here, we explore the chemical synthesis of a series of 51mer peptides consisting of 10 pentameric ELP repeats with hydrophobic as well as charged guest residues such as isoleucine, leucine, alanine, lysine, and/or glutamate all prepared by Boc-based solid phase peptide synthesis. These guest residues expand the available toolbox of synthetic ELPs and provide ELPs that can be chemically modified and tuned to specific environments. An N-terminal cysteine is added allowing disulfide-based crosslinking of ELPs and to link synthetic ELPs to a recombinantly produced protein using native chemical ligation. Transition temperatures of all synthetic ELPs and the fusion construct were determined by measuring turbidity in solution and spanned a large temperature range between 25 and 70 °C, providing synthetically accessible ELPs with transition temperatures suitable for in vitro and in vivo applications. Cycling between their soluble and aggregate state has been observed at least 6 times without significant loss of material for all synthetic ELPs. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asunto(s)
Elastina/química , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/síntesis química , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Estructura Molecular , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Sirtuin enzymes regulate metabolism and aging processes through deacetylation of acetyl-lysines in target proteins. More than 6,800 mammalian acetylation sites are known, but few targets have been assigned to most sirtuin isoforms, hampering our understanding of sirtuin function. Here we describe a peptide microarray system displaying 6,802 human acetylation sites for the parallel characterisation of their modification by deacetylases. Deacetylation data for all seven human sirtuins obtained with this system reveal isoform-specific substrate preferences and deacetylation substrate candidates for all sirtuin isoforms, including Sirt4. We confirm malate dehydrogenase protein as a Sirt3 substrate and show that peroxiredoxin 1 and high-mobility group B1 protein are deacetylated by Sirt5 and Sirt1, respectively, at the identified sites, rendering them likely new in vivo substrates. Our microarray platform enables parallel studies on physiological acetylation sites and the deacetylation data presented provide an exciting resource for the identification of novel substrates for all human sirtuins.
Asunto(s)
Péptidos/metabolismo , Análisis por Matrices de Proteínas , Proteoma/metabolismo , Sirtuinas/metabolismo , Acetilación , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Sitios de Unión , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Fluorescencia , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Péptidos/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteoma/química , Transducción de Señal , Sirtuinas/química , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Sirtuins are protein deacetylases regulating metabolism, stress responses, and aging processes, and they were suggested to mediate the lifespan extending effect of a low calorie diet. Sirtuin activation by the polyphenol resveratrol can mimic such lifespan extending effects and alleviate metabolic diseases. The mechanism of Sirtuin stimulation is unknown, hindering the development of improved activators. Here we show that resveratrol inhibits human Sirt3 and stimulates Sirt5, in addition to Sirt1, against fluorophore-labeled peptide substrates but also against peptides and proteins lacking the non-physiological fluorophore modification. We further present crystal structures of Sirt3 and Sirt5 in complex with fluorogenic substrate peptide and modulator. The compound acts as a top cover, closing the Sirtuin's polypeptide binding pocket and influencing details of peptide binding by directly interacting with this substrate. Our results provide a mechanism for the direct activation of Sirtuins by small molecules and suggest that activators have to be tailored to a specific Sirtuin/substrate pair.