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Background: This study evaluates an alternative to the classical method of head fixation during Gamma Knife radiosurgery using a Leksell head frame. In the Gamma Knife® Icon™ model, a new method of head fixation is used by utilizing a thermal molded polymer mask that takes the shape of the patient's head before fixing the head to the table. However, this mask is for single use and quite expensive. Methods: We describe a new, very economical method to fix the head of the patient during radiosurgery. We used commercial, quite cheap material [polylactic acid (PLA)] plastic and made a 3D printing model for the patient's face, taking special measurements to put this mask and fix it on the Gamma Knife. The actual material cost is only $4 (100 times less than the original mask cost). Results: The new mask efficiency was tested using the movement checker software, the same one used to measure the efficiency of the original mask. Conclusion: The newly designed and manufactured mask is quite effective for use with the Gamma Knife® Icon™, with a much lower cost, and it can be manufactured locally.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the modifying effect of treatment with vitamins C on irradiated mice tissues with gamma ray. METHODS: The animal experimental study was conducted in the Iraqi Centre for Cancer Research and Medical Genetics (ICCMG), Unit of Medical Physics department of Physiology college of Medicine/ Al_Mustansiryah Baghdad, Iraq from December 2019 to April 2020 Comprised adult male Albino Bulb /c mice aged 8 weeks. They were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Group 1, the controls, received standard saline solution untreated and were not exposed to radiation. Group 2 mice received dose of vitamin C 200mg/kg/day intra-peritoneally injected without radiation. Group 3 was exposed to gamma ray without treatment with vitamin C. Group 4 mice were administrated vitamin C 200mg/kg/day intraperitoneally and exposed to the gamma ray. Groups 3 and 4 received 4 Gy of gamma rays for eight consecutive days. All groups were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 1, 3 and 24h. Post-radiation testes and spleen tissues were collected. Damage in vivo was measured by gamma H2AX foci as biomarker of deoxyribonucleic acid double strand breaks in testes and spleen tissues. Data was analsyed using SPSS 24. RESULTS: There were 28 mice with a mean bodyweight of 20±2g; 7(25%) in each of the four groups. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between group 4 and group 3 in terms of foci forming. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the exposed and unexposed groups. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin C was found to be a good radio-protective agent for mice testes and spleen tissues. The main differences were clearly observed in the formation of gamma H2AX foci between testes and spleen due to their sensitivity to ionising radiation which depends on proliferation activity.

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Laser therapy is the gold standard method to remove unwanted tattoos. It is available and widely accessible. This study was done to assess the efficacy of the R20 method (multi-time separated passes in one session for 20 min) using Q-switched ND: YAG laser for the removal of tattoos and was compared with the traditional method. Forty patients with 40 Tattoos were included. These tattoos were separated into two halves left and right. One half was treated with a single pass and the other half with R20. Both halves were treated using Q-switched ND-YAG laser with 10 J/cm2, 1.064 µm, 8 ns pulse width, and 3 mm spot size. The treatment regimen included three sessions at three-week intervals. Tattoo bleaching was evaluated in each session by means of using the imaging process by two dermatologists. It could be concluded that the treatment with traditional single-pass is less effective than the R20 method in the three-month period. Epidermal healing period needs more than three weeks with the R20 method. The amateur tattoos have a significantly better response than professional tattoos. The R20 method is better than the traditional method to remove a tattoo, where most tattoos can be removed in one session. Amateur tattoo is removed faster compared to professional tattoo using R20 method because amateur tattoo affects the skin surface.

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Objective: This research is conducted to clarify whether the action of low-power diode pumping solid state (DPSS) laser doses modify proteins of normal human blood serum in vitro. Background data: Low-power laser light is considered to act through biostimulation rather than through thermal effects. It was found that low-power laser light biostimulates various biological processes, such as increasing the blood flow within the microcirculation. Methods: Human blood serum samples were carefully collected and divided into five equal aliquots. One of them served as a control (nonirradiated serum) and the other four aliquots were irradiated by DPSS laser at a wavelength of 589 nm with different doses (50, 70, 90, and 110 J/cm2). The electrophoretic migration speeds of each specific protein were measured immediately after irradiation using protein electrophoresis. A paired Student's t-test was used between variables. Results: The protein concentrations were not significantly (p > 0.05) changed by the various doses of DPSS laser comparing with the nonirradiated counterpart. The electrophoretic migration speed of serum proteins was significantly decreased in almost all tested doses relative to the nonirradiated counterpart. Moreover, the irradiation of serum proteins (albumin, alpha1, alpha 2, beta, and globulin) with a laser dose of 70 J/cm2 was associated with a significant decrease (p < 0.003, 0.02, 0.002, 0.02 and 0.001, respectively) in protein migration speed compared with the protein migration speed of the control nonirradiated counterpart. Conclusions: Laser light at a wavelength of 589 nm induces processes that lead to decreases in serum protein migration speeds. Globulin protein was found to have the lowest migration speed among the other plasma proteins.

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