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BACKGROUND: Real time shear-wave elastography (SWE) is a non-invasive imaging method which can quantitatively assess liver stiffness. Obesity and its complication are increasing with improving lifestyles in our century. We evaluated the performance of SWE for detecting liver changes (fatty liver, steatohepatitis) in obese and overweight children, in addition to this, we determined the diagnostic accuracy and clinical usefulness of SWE in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: Obese and overweight 41 children within the age range of 6-15 years were included in this singlecenter prospective study. Biochemical evaluation for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) levels, as well as conventional ultrasound and SWE of the liver were performed in the patient group. These values were compared with values of 25 normal weight and healthy children in the age range of 6-16 years. RESULTS: The mean SWE values was 13.7 ± 5.5 kiloPascal (kPa) and 2.03 ± 0.35 meter/second (m/s) in patient group and 7.99 ± 2.81 kPa and 1.62 ± 0.21 m/s in control group (p < 0.01). The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the optimum cut-off value for elastography values (kPa) to evaluate liver changes; area under the curve was 87.5% (95% CI 79.3-95.8). When the cutoff value was set as 10.45 kPa, the sensitivity and the specificity was 69.2% and 100%, respectively. We could not observe a statistically significant difference when we compared the elastography values (kPa and m/s) according to presence of hepatosteatosis (p=0.581 and 0.172). There were no significant correlations between SWE and AST, ALT values. CONCLUSIONS: SWE may be a useful and accurate imaging method to evaluate liver changes and monitor NAFLD in obese and overweight children.

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BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has recently been used as a new treatment modality for plantar fasciitis. We aimed to determine the efficacy of ESWT by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. METHODS: Thirty patients with plantar fasciitis who had received no treatment for 6 months were included. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy was applied once a week for a total of three sessions (frequency of 12-15 Hz, 2-3 bars, and 2,500 pulses). All of the patients were assessed with the visual analog scale, a 6-point evaluation scale, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and MRI findings before and 3 months after ESWT. Visual analog scale scores were used in determining the pain level of patients in the morning, during activity, and at rest. Foot and ankle-related problems were evaluated with the FAOS. RESULTS: The duration of painless walking according to the 6-point rating scale, the FAOS, and pain showed significant improvements after ESWT ( P < .05). Significant decreases in MRI findings, including thickening of the plantar fascia, soft-tissue edema, and bone marrow edema, were observed after treatment ( P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is a safe and effective treatment that yields favorable results in improvement of pain and function for plantar fasciitis. An MRI is useful for determining response to ESWT for these patients.

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The utilization of radiological imaging methods in anthropometric studies is being expanded by the application of modern imaging methods, leading to a decrease in costs, a decrease in the time required for analysis and the ability to create three-dimensional images. This retrospective study investigated 400 patients within the 18-45-years age group (mean age: 30.7±11.2years) using cranial computed tomography images. We measured 14 anthropometric parameters (basion-bregma height, basion-prosthion length, maximum cranial length and cranial base lengths, maximum cranial breadth, bizygomatic diameter, upper facial breadth, bimastoid diameter, orbital breadth, orbital length, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, foramen magnum breadth and foramen magnum length) of cranial measurements. The intra- and inter-observer repeatability and consistency were good. From the results of logistic regression analysis using morphometric measurements, the most conspicuous measurements in terms of dimorphism were maximum cranial length, bizygomatic diameter, basion-bregma height, and cranial base length. The most dimorphic structure was the bizygomatic diameter with an accuracy rate of 83% in females and 77% in males. In this study, 87.5% of females and 87.0% of males were classified accurately by this model including four parameters with a sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 85.0%. In conclusion, CT cranial morphometric analysis may be reliable for the assessment of sex in the Turkish population and is recommended for comparison of data of modern populations with those of former populations. Additionally, cranial morphometric data that we obtained from modern Turkish population may reveal population specific data, which may help current criminal investigations and identification of disaster victims.

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Morphometric analysis of the mandibular ramus (MR) provides highly accurate data to discriminate sex. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the utility and accuracy of MR morphometric analysis for sex identification in a Turkish population.Four hundred fifteen Turkish patients (18-60 y; 201 male and 214 female) who had previously had multidetector computed tomography scans of the cranium were included in the study. Multidetector computed tomography images were obtained using three-dimensional reconstructions and a volume-rendering technique, and 8 linear and 3 angular values were measured. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate discriminant analyses were performed, and the accuracy rates for determining sex were calculated.Mandibular ramus values produced high accuracy rates of 51% to 95.6%. Upper ramus vertical height had the highest rate at 95.6%, and bivariate analysis showed 89.7% to 98.6% accuracy rates with the highest ratios of mandibular flexure upper border and maximum ramus breadth. Stepwise discrimination analysis gave a 99% accuracy rate for all MR variables.Our study showed that the MR, in particular morphometric measures of the upper part of the ramus, can provide valuable data to determine sex in a Turkish population. The method combines both anthropological and radiologic studies.

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Radiation exposure during forensic age estimation is associated with ethical implications. It is important to prevent repetitive radiation exposure when conducting advanced ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of 3.0-T MRI in determining the degree of ossification of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses in a group of Turkish population. We retrospectively evaluated coronal T2-weighted and turbo spin-echo sequences taken upon MRI of 503 patients (305 males, 198 females; age 10-30 years) using a five-stage method. Intra- and interobserver variations were very low. (Intraobserver reliability was κ=0.919 for the distal femoral epiphysis and κ=0.961 for the proximal tibial epiphysis, and interobserver reliability was κ=0.836 for the distal femoral epiphysis and κ=0.885 for the proximal tibial epiphysis.) Spearman's rank correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between age and the extent of ossification of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses (p<0.001). Comparison of male and female data revealed significant between-gender differences in the ages at first attainment of stages 2, 3, and 4 ossifications of the distal femoral epiphysis and stage 1 and 4 ossifications of the proximal tibial epiphysis (p<0.05). The earliest ages at which ossification of stages 3, 4, and 5 was evident in the distal femoral epiphysis were 14, 17, and 22 years in males and 13, 16, and 21 years in females, respectively. Proximal tibial epiphysis of stages 3, 4, and 5 ossification was first noted at ages 14, 17, and 18 years in males and 13, 15, and 16 years in females, respectively. MRI of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses is an alternative, noninvasive, and reliable technique to estimate age.

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BACKGROUND: Penile fracture is a surgical emergency defined as rupture of the tunica albuginea. Although most cases can be diagnosed with clinical evaluation, it has been stated in the literature that diagnosis in as many as 15% of cases can be challenging. In uncertain cases, imaging can help determine diagnosis. METHODS: Present study included 20 cases where diagnosis could not be made with certainty and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. MR images were examined for tunical rupture and accompanying pathologies. When rupture was observed, localization and length of rupture were noted. All patients underwent degloving surgery. All imaging findings were compared to surgical findings. RESULTS: MRI revealed 19 tunical ruptures. In 1 case, hematoma was seen with no sign of penile fracture. No urethral injuries were found. All MRI findings were confirmed during surgery. CONCLUSION: Performing MRI in clinically equivocal cases can provide crucial data to make precise diagnosis and improve patient management.

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Forensic age estimation based on staging of ossification of the medial clavicular bone is one of the methods recommended by the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics of the German Association of Forensic Medicine. In the present study, we analyzed the stages of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyses on thin-sliced (1 mm) computed tomography (CT) images using the substages defined within stages 2 and 3. The retrospective CT analysis involved 193 subjects (129 males, 64 females) ranging in age from 13 to 28 years. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between age and ossification stage in both male and female subjects. Stage 3c was first observed at 19 years of age in both sexes and may thus serve as a valuable forensic marker for determining an age of 18 years. Although further research is needed on the ossification stages of the medial clavicular epiphyses, the present findings could contribute to existing reports on observers' experiences using CT analysis of ossification combined with analysis of substages.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to calculate the mastoid cell volume of infants using computed tomography imaging. METHODS: We calculated the mastoid cell volumes of 87 infants younger than 1 year classified into 4 age groups. RESULTS: There were significant (P = 0.0001) differences in the ear mastoid cell volumes (cm(3)) among the 0- to 3-, 4- to 6-, 7- to 9-, and 10- to 12-month age groups. Generally, the mastoid cell volume increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: Mastoid cell volume correlates with the age of infants up to 1 year. We plan to expand this study and determine cutoff values for the mastoid cell volumes of infants.

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In recent years, methods by which to decrease radiation exposure during age estimation have gained importance and become a main research area in the forensic sciences. Imaging tools such as X-ray and computed tomography (CT) are accepted as the main diagnostic methods for evaluation of the epiphysis in living individuals; however, radiation exposure and superimposition are the main disadvantages of these techniques. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides an advantage in terms of preventing radiation exposure. In this study, we performed an MR analysis of the degree of fusion of the distal tibia and calcaneal epiphysis and investigated the utility of this technique in the Turkish population. Using the three-stage method described by Saint-Martin et al., we retrospectively evaluated 167 MR images (97 males, 70 females; mean age, 17.7 ± 4.8 years for males and 17.6 ± 4.9 years for females; age range of all subjects, 8-25 years). Intraobserver and interobserver evaluation showed good repeatability and consistency of this method. Stages 2 and 3 ossification of the distal tibial epiphysis first occurred at age 14 and 15 years in males and 12 and 14 years in females, respectively. Stages 2 and 3 ossification of the calcaneal epiphysis first occurred at age 14 and 16 years in males and 10 and 12 years in females, respectively. When performed alone, MR analysis of the distal tibial and calcaneal epiphysis offers limited information for forensic age estimation. However, we suggest that MR analysis can be used as a supportive method when it is necessary to avoid repeated radiation exposure.

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Renal cortical necrosis (RCN), a rare cause of renal failure in which there is death of the renal cortex but sparing of the medulla, is a catastrophic entity with high mortality. Its incidence and severity are higher in developing countries, mostly due to pregnancy-related complications. This paper presents the case of a 65-year-old woman who had bilateral renal cortical necrosis caused by bisphosphonate medication that was diagnosed by CT scan during the acute initial phase of the disease.

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The goal of our study was to determine the diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the identification of acute mild pancreatitis with low Ranson scores. The study group included 22 healthy subjects and 40 patients with mild acute pancreatitis. Patients with Ranson scores of 1-3 were included in the present study. There was a significant reduction in mean pancreatic apparent diffusion coefficient among the acute pancreatitis patients (1.46±2.80×10(-3)mm(2)/s) relative to the healthy subjects (1.69±2.26×10(-3)mm(2)/s). Diffusion-weighted imaging improves diagnosis of mild acute pancreatitis and enables the differentiation of acute pancreatitis from other diseases involving abdominal pain and other nonspecific findings.

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INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively describe demographic characteristics and computed tomography (CT) imaging findings of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (FD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between February 2010 and February 2013, we retrospectively studied 64 patients described as FD at CT imaging. Site of involvement and CT imaging findings of craniofacial FD were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Our patients are described as FD at CT imaging with the following findings: expansion, ground glass density, expansion and sclerosis, expansion with sclerosis and lytic appearance, expansion and lytic appearance, and only sclerosis. Expansion was the main feature which was seen with other findings (85%). The most common finding was ground glass density and the least appearance was expansion with lytic areas and only sclerosis. DISCUSSION: Our study has shown that it is very effective to know about CT findings and localizations of craniofacial FD to reduce unnecessary biopsy rates and increase the true diagnosis.

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Pancreatic involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) may go unrecognised. There are only a few paediatric cases; nevertheless, presentation with pancreatic involvement in an adult patient with ALL has been reported rarely. Our 52-year-old male patient came to us with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting; he had pancreatic enlargement on CT. He was diagnosed with common B-cell ALL with pancreatic involvement. The patient obtained haematological remission and the pancreatic enlargement regressed after chemotherapy, but later he had central nervous system and liver relapses. He died 6 months after diagnosis because of progressive pneumonia and chemotherapy-resistant ALL with multiple extramedullary relapses.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability and accuracy of a respiratory gated technique used with contrast enhanced MDCT of the upper abdomen with focus on diagnostic image quality and depiction of organs and major vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five adult patients who were referred to our institution for follow-up dynamic contrast enhanced abdominal CT imaging were included in this study. Respiratory gated CT scans were performed with the use of a dedicated hardware. A multiphasic CT scan was performed for each patient. Respiratory gated images were obtained between early arterial and portal venous phases during free breathing. Images of respiratory gated (RG) and breathhold (BH) phases were compared qualitatively and quantitatively by two radiologists. Definitive statistical methods were used for evaluating the scoring data, while Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison. Statistical significance was accepted for p values <0.05. RESULTS: Statistical significant difference was found for comparison of scores regarding luminal opacification and contoural integrity of intrahepatic vascular structures with scores of RG scans rated poor to moderate (e.g. 2.86+/-1.07 for luminal opacification of intrahepatic portal veins as well as border detectability) in comparison to scores of BH scans rated good to excellent (e.g. 1.37+/-1.31 for luminal opacification, 1.35+/-1.28 for border detectability of intrahepatic portal veins, p<0.001). Furthermore, statistical significant differences were found for general image noise levels (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Further technical advances of RG technique could enable routine use of this technique for selected patient groups.

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A penetrating injury with a sewing needle is a rare phenomenon. The pathophysiological mechanism of late epilepsy after penetrating injuries is not clear. A 10-year-old female child had a seizure. An X-ray study of the skull and the cranial computed tomography scans showed a foreign object retained in the skull cavity. She was intact on neurological examination. Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed that there was bioelectrical disorganization in both hemispheres, being more prominent on the left side. A right posterior frontal median craniotomy was performed in order not to retract the left hemisphere within the interhemispheric fissure and the sewing needle was removed successfully. The sewing needle was rusted. The reason for the patient's seizure, 10 years after the injury, may be the corrosion of the sewing needle and rust formation in this case.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) versus chest radiography (CXR) in children with recurrent respiratory infections. Fifty-one cases, aged 2 months-13 years, who had a history of recurrent respiratory infections, were examined with CXR and HRCT. HRCT showed that 16/51 of the cases had bronchiectasis. CXR revealed findings of bronchiectasis only in 5 of the 16 cases. HRCT showed peribronchial thickening in 18 cases, whereas CXR showed the same finding in 5 patients. Overall, HRCT showed the underlying pathology and sequel of pulmonary lesions in 22 out of 51 cases, and linear densities in 12. Compared with the CXR, HRCT gives much more information.

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