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The presented work analyzes the energy prices, climate shock, and health deprivation nexus in the BRICS economies for the period 1995-2020. Panel ARDL-PMG technique is used to reveal the underexplored linkages. The long-run estimates of energy prices are observed to be negatively significant to the health expenditure and life expectancy model, whereas, positively significant to the climate change model. These findings suggest that energy prices significantly reduce health expenditures and life expectancy and, thus, increase the death rate in the BRICS economies. The long-run country-wise estimate of energy prices is found negatively significant in case of Brazil, India, China, and South Africa. Alongside, the group-wise significance of CO2 emissions is discovered to be negatively, positively, and insignificant in the cases of life expectancy, death rate, and health expenditure models, respectively. Besides, country-wise long-run estimate of CO2 emissions witnesses negative significance for Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

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INTRODUCTION: Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel), a novel chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, has demonstrated early, deep, and durable clinical responses in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), and improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in CARTITUDE-1 (NCT03548207). Patient perspectives on treatment provide context to efficacy outcomes and are an important aspect of therapeutic evaluation. METHODS: Qualitative interviews were conducted in a subset of CARTITUDE-1 patients (n = 36) at screening, Day 100, and Day 184 post cilta-cel on living with MM, therapy expectations, and treatment experiences during the study. RESULTS: Patients most wanted to see change in symptoms with the greatest impact on HRQoL: pain (85.2%) and fatigue (74.1%). The primary treatment expectation was achieving remission (40.7%), followed by extended life expectancy (14.8%). Patients most often defined meaningful change as improvement in symptoms (70.4%) and return to normalcy (40.7%). The percentage of patients reporting symptoms (pain, fatigue, bone fracture, gastrointestinal, neuropathy, and weakness) decreased from 85.2% to 22.2% across symptom types at baseline to 29.2% to 0% on Day 184 after cilta-cel. Improved symptoms and positive sentiments corresponded with improved perception of overall health status and reduced pain level, respectively. Most patients reported that their expectations of cilta-cel treatment had been met (70.8%) or exceeded (20.8%) at Day 184, and 70.8% of patients considered cilta-cel therapy better than their previous treatments. CONCLUSION: Overall HRQoL improvements and qualitative interviews showed cilta-cel met patient expectations of treatment and suggest the long treatment-free period also contributed to positive sentiments.

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B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeting therapies, including bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), are promising treatments for multiple myeloma (MM), but disease may progress after their use. CARTITUDE-2 is a phase 2, multicohort study evaluating the safety and efficacy of cilta-cel, an anti-BCMA chimeric antigen receptor T therapy, in various myeloma patient populations. Patients in cohort C progressed despite treatment with a proteasome inhibitor, immunomodulatory drug, anti-CD38 antibody, and noncellular anti-BCMA immunotherapy. A single cilta-cel infusion was given after lymphodepletion. The primary end point was minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity at 10-5. Overall, 20 patients were treated (13 ADC exposed; 7 BsAb exposed; 1 in the ADC group also had prior BsAb exposure). Sixteen (80%) were refractory to prior anti-BCMA therapy. At a median follow-up of 11.3 months (range, 0.6-16.0), 7 of 20 (35%) patients were MRD negative (7 of 10 [70.0%] in the MRD-evaluable subset). Overall response rate (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 60.0% (36.1-80.9). Median duration of response and progression-free survival (95% CI) were 11.5 (7.9-not estimable) and 9.1 (1.5-not estimable) months, respectively. The most common adverse events were hematologic. Cytokine release syndrome occurred in 12 (60%) patients (all grade 1-2); 4 had immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (2 had grade 3-4); none had parkinsonism. Seven (35%) patients died (3 of progressive disease, 4 of adverse events [1 treatment related, 3 unrelated]). Cilta-cel induced favorable responses in patients with relapsed/refractory MM and prior exposure to anti-BCMA treatment who had exhausted other therapies. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04133636.

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The genus Hyssopus is widespread in central Asia, East Mediterranean, and Mongolian areas. It has six main species which are used as herbal remedies, such as Hyssopus officinalis which is used as a condiment and flavoring agent in food industry. The other five species are H. ambiguus, H. cuspidatus, H. latilabiatus, H. macranthus, and H. seravschanicus. Its species are used in the treatment of various ailments such as cold, cough, loss of appetite, fungal infection, and spasmodic condition. Its constituents especially essential oils are popularly used as an additive in beverages, foods, and cosmetics. The volatile constituents are used for aroma in the food industry, cosmetic industry, and household products. The important active constituents in its essential oils are ß-pinene, pinocamphone, isopinocamphone, and other terpenoids. Hyssopus genus is also bundled with other secondary metabolites including flavonoids luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and their glucosides, as well as phenolic compounds including ferulic, p-hydroxy-benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic, and caffeic acid. Combinedly, the extracts of Hyssopus are reported to have potential antiviral and antifungal activities proven using in vitro studies, whereas in vivo investigations have reported the crucial role of Hyssopus extracts in plasma membrane relaxation, cytotoxic, and sedative effects. This plant is believed to be relatively safe at levels commonly used in foods; nevertheless, more studies are needed to determine the safety profile.

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This research evaluated farmers' decisions to adopt organic farming. It was first introduced by developed countries to minimize environmental impacts originated by intensive use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to enhance production yield. Although, organic farming offers environmentally sound methodologies for crop production, but Asian farmers are reluctant to adopt organic farming. In this study, a survival analysis (SA) was employed to determine the reasons for and the time is taken by farmers to adopt organic agriculture. This research studied the farmers' goals, agricultural policies, and attitude towards risk, as covariates in the survival analysis. A multiple criteria decision-making method based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to evaluate the farmers' goals. Data were collected from agricultural farms located in three districts in Punjab, Pakistan. A questionnaire was used to collect empirical evidence. This study reported that the farmers' goals were crucial to their acceptance of organic farming; furthermore, young farmers and farmers with risk-inclined attitudes were more prone to adopting organic farming. The study also determined that change in policy and introduce special package for organic agriculture can encouraged the adoption of organic methods.

O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar as decisões dos agricultores de adotar a agricultura orgânica. Foi introduzido pela primeira vez por países desenvolvidos para minimizar os impactos ambientais originados pelo uso intensivo de fertilizantes sintéticos e pesticidas para aumentar o rendimento da produção. Embora a agricultura orgânica ofereça metodologias ambientalmente corretas para a produção agrícola, os agricultores asiáticos relutam em adotar a agricultura orgânica. Neste estudo, uma análise de sobrevivência (SA) foi empregada para determinar os motivos e o tempo que os agricultores levam para adotar a agricultura orgânica. Esta pesquisa estudou os objetivos dos agricultores, as políticas agrícolas e a atitude em relação ao risco, como covariáveis na análise de sobrevivência. Um método de tomada de decisão de múltiplos critérios com base no Processo de Hierarquia Analítica foi usado para avaliar os objetivos dos agricultores. Os dados foram coletados em fazendas agrícolas localizadas em três distritos de Punjab, Paquistão. Um questionário foi usado para coletar evidências empíricas. Este estudo descobriu que os objetivos dos agricultores eram cruciais para aceitação da agricultura orgânica; além disso, jovens agricultores e agricultores com atitudes inclinadas ao risco eram mais propensos a adotar a agricultura orgânica. O estudo também determinou que a mudança na política e a introdução de um pacote especial para a agricultura orgânica podem estimular a adoção de métodos orgânicos.

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Medicinal plants are being used worldwide for centuries for their beneficial properties. Some of the most popular medicinal plants belong to the Melissa genus, and different health beneficial effects have already been identified for this genus. Among these species, in particular, the Melissa officinalis L. has been reported as having many biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumour, antiviral, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and also flatulence inhibiting effects. The beneficial properties of the Melissa officinalis, also known as "lemon balm herb", can be related to the bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, alcohols, rosmarinic acid, and phenolic antioxidants which are present in the plant. In this updated review, the botanical, geographical, nutritional, phytochemical, and traditional medical aspects of M. officinalis have been considered as well as in vitro and in vivo and clinically proven therapeutic properties have been reviewed with a special focus on health-promoting effects and possible perspective nutraceutical applications. To evidence the relevance of this plant in the research and completely assess the context, a literature quantitative research analysis has been performed indicating the great interest towards this plant for its beneficial properties.

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The present study aimed to identify the elements of the Theory of Planned Behaviour along with health consciousness and determine the role of knowledge as a moderating variable in Pakistan and Malaysia. Three hundred and forty-one observations from Pakistan and 280 observations from Malaysia were acquired through questionnaire; while, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling was applied for the analysis. The magnitude of the results varied across both countries; however, attitude, subjective norms and health consciousness, as well as their interaction terms, were significant predictors, whereas, perceived behavioural control and its knowledge interaction terms had insignificant impacts on the purchase intentions of consumers for both countries. This research will help to further understand about consumer perception in the purchase of organic food items, which will assist retailers, advertisers and manufacturers in developing strategies for such products.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os elementos da teoria do comportamento planejado juntamente com a consciência em saúde, e determinar o papel do conhecimento como uma variável moderadora no Paquistão e na Malásia. 341 observações do Paquistão e 280 observações da Malásia foram adquiridas através de questionário; enquanto que análise fatorial confirmatória e modelagem de equações estruturais foram aplicadas para a análise. A magnitude dos resultados variou entre os dois países. No entanto, atitudes, normas subjetivas e consciência da saúde, bem como seus termos de interação, foram preditores significativos, enquanto que controle comportamental percebido e seus termos de interação do conhecimento tiveram impactos insignificantes nas intenções de compra dos consumidores para os dois países. Esta pesquisa ajudará a entender melhor a percepção do consumidor na compra de alimentos orgânicos, o que ajudará varejistas, anunciantes e fabricantes no desenvolvimento de estratégias para esses produtos.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to identify the elements of the Theory of Planned Behaviour along with health consciousness and determine the role of knowledge as a moderating variable in Pakistan and Malaysia. Three hundred and forty-one observations from Pakistan and 280 observations from Malaysia were acquired through questionnaire; while, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling was applied for the analysis. The magnitude of the results varied across both countries; however, attitude, subjective norms and health consciousness, as well as their interaction terms, were significant predictors, whereas, perceived behavioural control and its knowledge interaction terms had insignificant impacts on the purchase intentions of consumers for both countries. This research will help to further understand about consumer perception in the purchase of organic food items, which will assist retailers, advertisers and manufacturers in developing strategies for such products.

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os elementos da teoria do comportamento planejado juntamente com a consciência em saúde, e determinar o papel do conhecimento como uma variável moderadora no Paquistão e na Malásia. 341 observações do Paquistão e 280 observações da Malásia foram adquiridas através de questionário; enquanto que análise fatorial confirmatória e modelagem de equações estruturais foram aplicadas para a análise. A magnitude dos resultados variou entre os dois países. No entanto, atitudes, normas subjetivas e consciência da saúde, bem como seus termos de interação, foram preditores significativos, enquanto que controle comportamental percebido e seus termos de interação do conhecimento tiveram impactos insignificantes nas intenções de compra dos consumidores para os dois países. Esta pesquisa ajudará a entender melhor a percepção do consumidor na compra de alimentos orgânicos, o que ajudará varejistas, anunciantes e fabricantes no desenvolvimento de estratégias para esses produtos.

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Empowerment of wheat genotypes by application of growth regulators, compatible solutes and plant extracts under water restriction is an important strategy for getting sustainable yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of drought stress on the growth and yield of wheat genotypes and also monitor and compare the role of ABA, SA as well as moringa and mulbery leaf water extracts in improving drought tolerance of wheat genotypes. The work was performed at the research area of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. Three wheat cultivars Aas-2011, Faisalabad- 2008 and Triple dwarf-1 were subjected to drought stress (skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage). The wheat genotypes were subjected to treatments viz., T1 i.e. All normal irrigation without application of abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), moringa (MLE) and mulberry leaf water extract (MBLE), T2 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 2µM ABA, T3 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 10 m mol SA, T4 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 15% MLE and T5 i.e. skipping the irrigation at grain filling stage and application of 10% MBLE. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangement and repeated three times. From this study it is concluded that Aas-2011 shown best result under drought condition by applying growth regulators and plant water extracts.

O fortalecimento de genótipos de trigo pela aplicação de reguladores de crescimento, solutos compatíveis e extratos vegetais sob restrição hídrica é uma importante estratégia para obtenção de produção sustentável. Trilha de campo foi realizada na área de pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade de Ghazi, Dera Ghazi Khan, Paquistão. Três cultivares de trigo Aas-2011, Faisalabad-2008 e Triple anão-1 foram submetidas a estresse hídrico (pulando a irrigação no estágio de enchimento de grãos). Os genótipos de trigo foram submetidos a tratamentos, T1, ou seja, irrigação normal sem aplicação de ácido abscísico (ABA), ácido salicílico (SA), moringa (MLE) e extrato de água de amoreira (MBLE), T2¬, pular a irrigação em estágio de enchimento de grãos e aplicação de ABA 2µM, T3 ou seja, ignorando a irrigação no estágio de enchimento de grãos e aplicação de 10 m mol SA, T4 ou seja, ignorando a irrigação no estágio de enchimento de grãos e aplicação de 15% MLE e T5 ou seja, ignorando a irrigação no enchimento de grãos estágio e aplicação de 10% MBLE. O experimento foi exposto no delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com arranjo fatorial e repetido três vezes. A partir deste estudo conclui-se que Aas-2011 apresentou melhor resultado sob condição de seca, aplicando reguladores de crescimento e extratos de água de plantas.

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CONTEXT: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second common progressive neurodegenerative disease, distressing older men and is prevalent Worldwide. OBJECTIVES: This article is aimed to review the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management of PD. METHODS: A google search was performed to recognise studies that review the characteristics of PD. Search terms included 'Parkinson's disease', 'epidemiology', 'etiology', 'pathogenesis', 'clinical manifestations', 'diagnosis' and 'management of Parkinson disease'. RESULTS: PD is linked to factors such as environmental chemicals, aging, family history and pesticide exposure such as the use of synthetic heroin. PD is characterised clinically by tremors at rest, postural instability, expressionless countenance, lead pipe rigidity and less commonly cognitive impairment. After 60 years of age, PD is commonly prevalent in 1-% of the population, no racial differences are apparent, but the prevalence of PD is more common in men than women. There has also been a better understanding that the disorder may be linked with major non-motor trouble in addition to the additional generally recognised motor complications. There are various management options for the timely management of PD. As the ailment advances, further management strategies are existing; however, the management of non-motor manifestations and late stage motor complications remains mainly testing and will advantage from additional clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS: In this article, we have discussed current progress in the understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management strategies of the disease.

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Nitrogen (N), being mobile in soil is exposed to various losses owing to unwise use of nitrogen fertilizer, and conventional soil and crop management practices which can be minimized by temporal nitrogen application and different tillage practices. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of different tillage systems and nitrogen timings on growth, stay green and grain quality in maize. Three tillage systems viz. T1: tillage with cultivator, T2: mouldboard plough + 2-cultivations, T3: chisel plough + 2-cultivations; and five nitrogen timings viz. N1: whole at sowing, N2: ½ at sowing+½ at V5 (5-leaf stage), N3: ½ at sowing+½ at tasseling, N4: ½ at V5+½ at tasseling, N5: 1/3 at sowing+1/3 at V5+1/3 at tasseling). Tillage systems and nitrogen application had significant effect on leaf area per plant, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio. Tillage systems had non-significant effect on stay green and grain quality parameters except for oil contents. However, nitrogen timings had significant effect on chlorophyll a, b and total contents as well as grain quality parameters. The higher a, b and total chlorophyll contents were noted with three splits i.e. 1/3 at sowing+1/3 at V5+1/3 at tasseling compared with other treatments. The results suggest to grow maize by preparing the field through chisel plough and applying N in three splits to improve its growth, chlorophyll contents and grain quality.

Nitrogênio (N), sendo móvel no solo, está exposto a várias perdas devido ao uso imprudente de fertilizantes nitrogenados e práticas convencionais de manejo do solo e das culturas, que podem ser minimizadas pela aplicação de nitrogênio temporal e diferentes práticas de preparo do solo. Este estudo foi realizado para elucidar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e tempos de nitrogênio no crescimento, permanência e qualidade do grão verde no milho. Três sistemas de lavoura, viz. T1: preparo do solo com cultivador, T2: arado de aiveca + 2-cultivos, T3: escarificador + 2-cultivos; e cinco temporizações de azoto, viz. N1: todo na sementeira, N2: ½ na sementeira + ½ na V5 (fase de 5 folhas), N3: ½ na sementeira + ½ no pendoamento, N4: ½ na V5 + ½ na pompa, N5: 1/3 na sementeira + 1/3 em V5 + 1/3 no pendoamento). Sistemas de preparo do solo e aplicação de nitrogênio tiveram efeito significativo na área foliar por planta, área foliar específica e área foliar. Os sistemas de preparo do solo não tiveram efeito significativo na manutenção dos parâmetros de qualidade verde e de grãos, exceto para os teores de óleo. Entretanto, os tempos de nitrogênio tiveram efeito significativo sobre os teores de clorofila a, b e total, bem como parâmetros de qualidade de grãos. Os maiores teores de clorofila a, b e total foram observados com três fendas, isto é, 1/3 na semeadura + 1/3 em V5 + 1/3 no pendoamento comparado com outros tratamentos. Os resultados sugerem o cultivo do milho preparando o campo através do arado de cinzel e aplicando o N em três fendas para melhorar o seu crescimento, o teor de clorofila e a qualidade do grão.

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Nitrogen (N), being mobile in soil is exposed to various losses owing to unwise use of nitrogen fertilizer, and conventional soil and crop management practices which can be minimized by temporal nitrogen application and different tillage practices. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of different tillage systems and nitrogen timings on growth, stay green and grain quality in maize. Three tillage systems viz. T1: tillage with cultivator, T2: mouldboard plough + 2-cultivations, T3: chisel plough + 2-cultivations; and five nitrogen timings viz. N1: whole at sowing, N2: ½ at sowing+½ at V5 (5-leaf stage), N3: ½ at sowing+½ at tasseling, N4: ½ at V5+½ at tasseling, N5: 1/3 at sowing+1/3 at V5+1/3 at tasseling). Tillage systems and nitrogen application had significant effect on leaf area per plant, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio. Tillage systems had non-significant effect on stay green and grain quality parameters except for oil contents. However, nitrogen timings had significant effect on chlorophyll a, b and total contents as well as grain quality parameters. The higher a, b and total chlorophyll contents were noted with three splits i.e. 1/3 at sowing+1/3 at V5+1/3 at tasseling compared with other treatments. The results suggest to grow maize by preparing the field through chisel plough and applying N in three splits to improve its growth, chlorophyll contents and grain quality. (AU)

Nitrogênio (N), sendo móvel no solo, está exposto a várias perdas devido ao uso imprudente de fertilizantes nitrogenados e práticas convencionais de manejo do solo e das culturas, que podem ser minimizadas pela aplicação de nitrogênio temporal e diferentes práticas de preparo do solo. Este estudo foi realizado para elucidar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e tempos de nitrogênio no crescimento, permanência e qualidade do grão verde no milho. Três sistemas de lavoura, viz. T1: preparo do solo com cultivador, T2: arado de aiveca + 2-cultivos, T3: escarificador + 2-cultivos; e cinco temporizações de azoto, viz. N1: todo na sementeira, N2: ½ na sementeira + ½ na V5 (fase de 5 folhas), N3: ½ na sementeira + ½ no pendoamento, N4: ½ na V5 + ½ na pompa, N5: 1/3 na sementeira + 1/3 em V5 + 1/3 no pendoamento). Sistemas de preparo do solo e aplicação de nitrogênio tiveram efeito significativo na área foliar por planta, área foliar específica e área foliar. Os sistemas de preparo do solo não tiveram efeito significativo na manutenção dos parâmetros de qualidade verde e de grãos, exceto para os teores de óleo. Entretanto, os tempos de nitrogênio tiveram efeito significativo sobre os teores de clorofila a, b e total, bem como parâmetros de qualidade de grãos. Os maiores teores de clorofila a, b e total foram observados com três fendas, isto é, 1/3 na semeadura + 1/3 em V5 + 1/3 no pendoamento comparado com outros tratamentos. Os resultados sugerem o cultivo do milho preparando o campo através do arado de cinzel e aplicando o N em três fendas para melhorar o seu crescimento, o teor de clorofila e a qualidade do grão.(AU)

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Abstract The aim of the present research was to develop a silymarin-laden PVP-nanocontainer providing ameliorated aqueous solubility and dissolution of the drug. Several silymarin-laden formulations were formed with varying quantities of PVP and SDS via the solvent evaporation method using the electrospraying technique. The influence of the hydrophilic carriers on solubility and dissolution was explored. The solid-state characterization was carried out by particle-size analysis, PXRD, DSC, FTIR and SEM. All of the formulations demonstrated better solubility and dissolution than did silymarin plain powder. Both the SDS and PVP had positive effects on solubility and dissolution of silymarin in the aqueous media. An increased solubility was attained as the drug/PVP ratio was 1/4; however, further increase in PVP did not provide significant improvement. In particular, a nanocontainer formulation prepared with silymarin, PVP and SDS (1/4/0.5, w/w/w) exhibited the best solubility (26432.76 ± 1749.00 μg/mL) and an excellent dissolution (~92 % in 20 min) than did silymarin plain powder. Also, it demonstrated similar dissolution profiles compared to a commercial product; therefore, might be bioequivalent to the commercial product (f 1 = 3 and f 2 = 69). Moreover, cumulative undersize distribution values as represented by X10, X50 and X90 were 201 ± 21.01 nm, 488 ± 36.05 nm and 392 ± 48.10 nm, respectively. The drug existed in the amorphous state in the PVP-nanocontainers with no strong chemical bonding with other excipients. Thus, this formulation might be used for more effective administration of silymarin via the oral route.

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Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a serum enzyme associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) regulation through its paraoxonase and arylesterase activity. PON1 inhibits the oxidation of HDL and low density lipoprotein (LDL), and is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including atherosclerosis. Conversely, mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) result in failure of receptor mediated endocytosis of LDL leading to its elevated plasma levels and onset of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). In the current study we investigated the role of PON1 polymorphisms rs662; c.575A > G (p.Gln192Arg) and rs854560; c.163T > A (p.Leu55Met) in a large family having FH patients harboring a functional mutation in LDLR. Genotypes were revealed by RFLP, followed by confirmation through Sanger sequencing. PON1 activity was measure by spectrophotometry. Our results show significantly reduced serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in FH patients compared with the healthy individuals of the family (p < 0.05). PON1 QQ192 genotype showed a significantly higher association with FH (p=0.0002). PON1 Q192 isoform was associated with reduced serum paraoxonase activity by in silico analysis and PON1 R192 exhibited higher serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activity than the other polymorphs. Our results highlight that the combination of LDLR mutations and PON1 MMQQ genotypes may lead to severe cardiac events.

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Micronutrients play a vital role in the growth and productivity of cotton crop. A study was carried out to access the exogenous application of micronutrients on growth and yield of cotton crop. The experiment was comprised of nine treatments as T0 (control), T1 (Fe chelated), T2 (B), T3 (Mo), T4 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4), T5 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + Fe chelated), T6 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + B), T7 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + Mo) and T8 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + Fe chelated + B). Data on different growth attributes showed that there was significant positive increase with the application of micronutrients. Leaf area was increased after applying micronutrients at 99 days after sowing (DAS) and then a decreasing trend was observed. Chlorophyll contents were increased at 81 DAS and then decreased towards the final harvest. Similarly, different yield components showed that seed cotton yield were significantly increased with the application of Fe, B, Mo, Zn, Cu and Mn compared to control treatment. Earliness index, mean maturity date and production rate index were increased significantly after combined use of foliar spray of Zn, Cu, Mn and Mo.

Os micronutrientes desempenham um papel vital no crescimento e produtividade da cultura do algodão. Um estudo foi realizado para acessar a aplicação exógena de micronutrientes no crescimento e produção de cultura de algodão. O experimento foi composto de nove tratamentos como T0 (controle), T1 (Fe quelatado), T2 (B), T3 (Mo), T4 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4), T5 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + Fe quelatado) T6 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + B), T7 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + Mo) e T8 (CuSo4 + ZnSo4 + MnSo4 + Fe quelados + B). Dados sobre diferentes atributos de crescimento mostraram aumento significativo positivo com a aplicação de micronutrientes. A área foliar foi aumentada após aplicação de micronutrientes aos 99 dias após a semeadura (DAS), observando - se, então, uma tendência decrescente. Os teores de clorofila foram aumentados em 81 DAS e depois diminuíram para a colheita final. De forma semelhante, diferentes componentes de rendimento mostraram que o rendimento de algodão de sementes aumentou significativamente com a aplicação de Fe, B, Mo, Zn, Cu e Mn em comparação com o tratamento de controlo. O índice de precocidade, a data média de maturidade eo índice de taxa de produção aumentaram significativamente após o uso combinado de pulverização foliar de Zn, Cu, Mn e Mo.

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Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe. Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell therapy etc for breast cancer.

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Plant growth regulators like naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) positively affect the growth and yield of crop plants. An experiment was conducted to check the foliar application of NAA on growth and yield components of cotton variety Bt.121 under field condition at research area of agriculture farm near Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The experiment was comprised of foliar application of NAA (1%) viz. T0 (control), T1 (One spray of NAA), T2 (Two sprays of NAA), T3 (Three sprays of NAA), T4 (Four sprays of NAA). The first foliar spray was applied at 45 days after sowing (DAS) and later on it was continued with 15 days interval with skilled labour by hand pump sprayer. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated three times. Data recorded on growth, chlorophyll contents, yield and yield components showed a significant increase with the application of NAA. Furthermore, earliness index, mean maturity date and production rate index were also influenced with foliar application of NAA. On the basis of growth and yield parameters it can be concluded that four spray of NAA (1%) can be applied commercially under field conditions.(AU)

Reguladores de crescimento de plantas como ácido naftaleno acético (NAA) afetam positivamente o crescimento e o rendimento das plantas cultivadas. Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar a aplicação foliar de NAA nos componentes de crescimento e rendimento da variedade de algodão Bt.121 sob condições de campo em área de pesquisa do Instituto Cholistan de Estudos do Deserto (CIDS), Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Paquistão. O experimento foi composto de aplicação foliar de NAA (1%) viz. T0 (controle), T1 (uma pulverização de NAA), T2 (duas pulverizações de NAA), T3 (três pulverizações de NAA), T4 (quatro pulverizações de NAA). A primeira pulverização foliar foi aplicada aos 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e posteriormente a cada 15 dias de intervalo com pulverizador manual. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento em blocos ao acaso e com três repetições. Os dados registrados sobre o crescimento, os teores de clorofila, os rendimentos e os componentes do rendimento mostraram aumento significativo com a aplicação de NAA. Além disso, o índice de precocidade, a maturidade média e a taxa de produção também foram influenciados pela aplicação foliar de NAA. Com base nos parâmetros de crescimento e rendimento, pode-se concluir que quatro pulverizações de NAA (1%) podem ser aplicadas comercialmente em condições de campo.(AU)

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Heat stress during reproductive and grain filling phases adversely affects the growth of cereals through reduction in grains number and size. However, exogenous application of antioxidants, plant growth regulators and osmoprotectants may be helpful to minimize these heat induced yield losses in cereals. This two year study was conducted to evaluate the role of exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA), salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) applied through seed priming or foliar spray on biochemical, physiological, morphological and yield related traits, grain yield and quality of late spring sown hybrid maize. The experiment was conducted in the spring season of 2007 and 2008. We observed that application of AsA, SA and H2 O2 applied through seed priming or foliar spray improved the physiological, biochemical, morphological and yield related traits, grain yield and grain quality of late spring sown maize in both years. In both years, we observed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity in the plants where AsA, SA and H2 O2 were applied through seed priming or foliar spray than control. Membrane stability index (MSI), relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll contents, grain yield and grain oil contents were also improved by exogenous application of AsA, SA and H2 O2 in both years. Seed priming of AsA, SA and H2 O2 was equally effective as the foliar application. In conclusion, seed priming with AsA, SA and H2 O2 may be opted to lessen the heat induced yield losses in late sown spring hybrid maize. Heat tolerance induced by ASA, SA and H2 O2 may be attributed to increase in antioxidant activities and MSI which maintained RWC and chlorophyll contents in maize resulting in better grain yield in heat stress conditions.(AU)

O estresse térmico durante as fases reprodutiva e de enchimento de grãos afeta negativamente o crescimento de cereais com redução do número e do tamanho do grão. A aplicação exógena de antioxidantes, reguladores de crescimento vegetal e osmoprotetores, pode ser útil para minimizar essas perdas. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação exógena de ácido ascórbico (ASA), ácido salicílico (SA) e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2 O2 ) aplicada através de sementes ou pulverização foliar na indução de tolerância ao estresse térmico em milho híbrido semeado no final da primavera. A aplicação de AsA, SA e H2 O2 através de sementes ou pulverização foliar melhora a fisiologia, bioquímica, morfologia e traços associados ao rendimento e qualidade de de grãos de milho no cultivo de Primavera tardia em ambos os anos. Foi observada maior superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e atividade de peroxidase (POD) em plantas onde AsA, SA e H2 O2 foram aplicados via sementes ou pulverização foliar em relação ao controle. O índice de estabilidade de membrana (MSI), conteúdo relativo de água (RWC), conteúdo de clorofila, rendimento de grãos e teor de óleo de grãos também foram melhorados pela aplicação de AsA, exógena SA e H2 O2 em ambos os anos. A aplicação via sementes de AsA, SA e H2 O2 foi igualmente eficaz à aplicação foliar. A embebição de sementes com AsA, SA e H2 O2 pode ser utilizado para diminuir as perdas de rendimento induzida pelo calor em milho híbrido semeado no final da primavera. A indução de tolerância ao calor pela ASA, SA e H2 O2 pode ser atribuído ao aumento de atividades antioxidantes e a MSI que manteve o RWC e o conteúdo de clorofila resultando em melhor rendimento de grãos em condições de estresse de calor.(AU)

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Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe. Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell therapy etc for breast cancer.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Heat stress during reproductive and grain filling phases adversely affects the growth of cereals through reduction in grain’s number and size. However, exogenous application of antioxidants, plant growth regulators and osmoprotectants may be helpful to minimize these heat induced yield losses in cereals. This two year study was conducted to evaluate the role of exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA), salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) applied through seed priming or foliar spray on biochemical, physiological, morphological and yield related traits, grain yield and quality of late spring sown hybrid maize. The experiment was conducted in the spring season of 2007 and 2008. We observed that application of AsA, SA and H2 O2 applied through seed priming or foliar spray improved the physiological, biochemical, morphological and yield related traits, grain yield and grain quality of late spring sown maize in both years. In both years, we observed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity in the plants where AsA, SA and H2 O2 were applied through seed priming or foliar spray than control. Membrane stability index (MSI), relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll contents, grain yield and grain oil contents were also improved by exogenous application of AsA, SA and H2 O2 in both years. Seed priming of AsA, SA and H2 O2 was equally effective as the foliar application. In conclusion, seed priming with AsA, SA and H2 O2 may be opted to lessen the heat induced yield losses in late sown spring hybrid maize. Heat tolerance induced by ASA, SA and H2 O2 may be attributed to increase in antioxidant activities and MSI which maintained RWC and chlorophyll contents in maize resulting in better grain yield in heat stress conditions.

O estresse térmico durante as fases reprodutiva e de enchimento de grãos afeta negativamente o crescimento de cereais com redução do número e do tamanho do grão. A aplicação exógena de antioxidantes, reguladores de crescimento vegetal e osmoprotetores, pode ser útil para minimizar essas perdas. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação exógena de ácido ascórbico (ASA), ácido salicílico (SA) e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2 O2 ) aplicada através de sementes ou pulverização foliar na indução de tolerância ao estresse térmico em milho híbrido semeado no final da primavera. A aplicação de AsA, SA e H2 O2 através de sementes ou pulverização foliar melhora a fisiologia, bioquímica, morfologia e traços associados ao rendimento e qualidade de de grãos de milho no cultivo de Primavera tardia em ambos os anos. Foi observada maior superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e atividade de peroxidase (POD) em plantas onde AsA, SA e H2 O2 foram aplicados via sementes ou pulverização foliar em relação ao controle. O índice de estabilidade de membrana (MSI), conteúdo relativo de água (RWC), conteúdo de clorofila, rendimento de grãos e teor de óleo de grãos também foram melhorados pela aplicação de AsA, exógena SA e H2 O2 em ambos os anos. A aplicação via sementes de AsA, SA e H2 O2 foi igualmente eficaz à aplicação foliar. A embebição de sementes com AsA, SA e H2 O2 pode ser utilizado para diminuir as perdas de rendimento induzida pelo calor em milho híbrido semeado no final da primavera. A indução de tolerância ao calor pela ASA, SA e H2 O2 pode ser atribuído ao aumento de atividades antioxidantes e a MSI que manteve o RWC e o conteúdo de clorofila resultando em melhor rendimento de grãos em condições de estresse de calor.

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