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OBJECTIVES: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) after intravenous thrombolysis (IV-tPA) is an effective and cost-saving treatment for stroke due to large vessel occlusion. However, rates of MT use are low in Argentina. This study was designed to estimate the economic value and the budget impact of incorporating MT after thrombolysis, simulating scenarios from Argentinian compulsory social health insurance (Obras Sociales) and private insurances (Empresas de Medicina Prepaga). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We adapted a previously published cost-utility and budget-impact (CUA and BIA) model to the Argentinian setting. The CUA was carried out for a lifetime horizon with efficacy inputs from the SWIFT PRIME clinical trial. For seven possible health states, we identified local costs (Argentinian Pesos AR$), utility (QALY), and transition/distribution probabilities (5% discounted rate) and performed deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The BIA was based on a six-step approach and a static model for a five-year horizon, and two scenarios (staggered growth and no growth). RESULTS: Despite higher incremental procedure costs, IV-tPA and MT was dominant over IV-tPA alone (AR$1,049,062 overall savings). Cost-effectiveness remained in the deterministic sensitivity analysis (100% probability of cost-effectiveness). Increased MT procedure volume resulted in savings in years three (0.96%), four (2.6%), and five (4.4%). By year five, 1,280 patients were treated with MT (versus 480) with overall savings of 1.8% (AR$817,244,417). CONCLUSIONS: MT after IV-tPA is cost-effective in Argentina. Savings offset the incremental hospitalization and long-term costs from the third year onwards. With increased, access the superior efficacy of MT mitigates future disability and comorbidity, reducing overall expenses.

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OBJECTIVE: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of secukinumab, an interleukin-17A inhibitor, versus other biologics in PsA from the Argentinean social security perspective. METHODS: A semi-Markov model evaluated subcutaneous (sc) treatment with secukinumab 150 mg and 300 mg against other sc treatments such as adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, ustekinumab, and intravenous treatment infliximab in biologic-naïve (with or without moderate to severe psoriasis) and biologic-experienced PsA patients over a lifetime horizon. Response to treatments was determined using the PsA Response Criteria (PsARC) at 12 weeks. Model inputs were derived from randomized controlled trials, network meta-analyses, published literature, and other Argentinean sources. Model outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Sensitivity analyses and alternative scenarios with a higher cost option were also conducted. RESULTS: Among biologic-naïve PsA patients without psoriasis, secukinumab 150 mg provided the highest QALYs (7.18) versus all sc biologics at the lowest cost ($3 755 678 Argentine peso), thus dominating them. Among biologic-naïve PsA patients with psoriasis and biologic-experienced PsA patients, secukinumab 300 mg provided highest QALYs (6.99 and 7.53, respectively), dominated infliximab, and was cost-effective versus other sc biologics. Deterministic sensitivity analyses indicated sensitivity of results to variation in PsARC rates, drug acquisition costs, Health Assessment Questionnaire change, and utilities. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed maximum net monetary benefits with both secukinumab doses. Results from an alternative scenario analysis were similar to base-case analysis. CONCLUSIONS: For both biologic-naïve and experienced PsA patients, secukinumab is either a dominant or cost-effective treatment option compared with other biologics in Argentina.

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Apixaban, a novel oral anticoagulant which has been approved for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, reduces both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke and produces fewer bleedings than vitamin K antagonist warfarin. These clinical results lead to a decrease in health care resource utilization and, therefore, have a positive impact on health economics of atrial fibrillation. The cost-effectiveness of apixaban has been assessed in a variety of clinical settings and countries. However, data from emergent markets, as is the case of Argentina, are still scarce.We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of apixaban versus warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in patients suitable for oral anticoagulation in Argentina. A Markov-based model including both costs and effects were used to simulate a cohort of patients with NVAF. Local epidemiological, resource utilization and cost data were used and all inputs were validated by a Delphi Panel of local experts. We adopted the payer's perspective with costs expressed in 2012 US Dollars.The study revealed that apixaban is cost-effective compared with warfarin using a willingness to pay threshold ranging from 1 to 3 per capita Gross Domestic Product (11558 - 34664 USD) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 786.08 USD per QALY gained. The benefit is primarily a result of the reduction in stroke and bleeding events.The study demonstrates that apixaban is a cost-effective alternative to warfarin in Argentina.

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BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of diabetes and its inadequate management results in a heavy burden of the disease for the patients, the health and the productive system and the overall community. Consequently, it is necessary to have new effective drugs to treat people with diabetes to decrease such burden. DPP-4 inhibitors can help to cope with this demand, but its usage is challenged by its apparent high cost. The aim of the current study was to compare a simulated cost-effectiveness ratio of metformin (MET) plus one drug of the DPP-4 inhibitors family, saxagliptin (SAXA) or sulfonylurea (SU) treatment during a 20-year period, from the perspective of the social security system, in a cohort of people with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who did not attain glycosylated hemoglobin treatment target values only with MET. METHODS: A discrete event simulation model (Cardiff diabetes model) based on UKPDS 68 was used to simulate disease progression and to estimate the economic and health treatment consequences in people with T2DM. The clinical efficacy parameters for SAXA administration were obtained from the literature; local standard costs were considered for drug acquisition, adverse events (AEs), and micro/macrovascular complications. Costs were expressed in US dollars (2009) with an annual 3.5% discount and a 20-year time horizon. RESULTS: The SAXA + MET treated group had a lower number of non-fatal events than the SU + MET treated group. The model also predicted a lower number of fatal macrovascular events for the SAXA + MET group (149.6 vs. 152.8). The total cost of the SAXA + MET cohort was 15% higher than that of the SU + MET cohort. Treatment with SAXA + MET resulted in a higher number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (9.54 vs. 9.32) and life-years gained (LYGs) (20.84 vs. 20.76) compared to those treated with SU + MET. The incremental cost per QALY and LYG gained was $7,374 and $20,490, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to the criteria proposed by the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, the use of the combination SAXA + MET is highly cost-effective in Argentina.

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OBJECTIVE: In order to compare the cost and to find the cost-effectiveness ratio of 0.5 mg/day entecavir versus pegylated interferon in the suppression of the viral replication and the quality of life of chronic hepatitis B patients based on a previously developed economic evaluation by Spackman y Veenstra, we performed, previous data transferability analysis, an adaptation of the model to the Venezuelan reality. METHODS: To adapt the economic evaluation, we assumed the probabilities of transition between states, in accordance with the effectiveness reported in the original evaluation. The hypothetical cohort was based on the characteristics of patients in recent clinical trials. The model results included the cost of each treatment alternative, entecavir and pegylated interferon, as well as quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. RESULTS: Entecavir 0.5 mgprovides 18,25 QALYs compared with 18,12 QALYs provided by pegylated interferon. The cost per QALY was 5.257 BsF for entecavir compared with pegylated interferon whose cost ranges 6.716 y 7.358 BsF per QALY CONCLUSIONS: Entecavir 0.5 mg provides a greater amount of QALYs and a better cost-effectiveness ratio than pegylated interferon showing extended dominancy over this.

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Introducción: Dentro del tratamiento de la Leucemia Mieloide Crónica (LMC) en Perú, y en base a una evaluación económica realizada previamente, se compararon los costos y la relación de Costo-Efectividad del uso de la dosis de 100 mg/día y 140 mg/día de dasatinib, el uso de 800 mg/día de nilotinib y el uso de una dosis mayor de imatinib (800mg/día), para cada fase de la enfermedad, en pacientes que desarrollaron resistencia a la dosis habitual de imatinib. Métodos: Para realizar la evaluación económica se utilizó un modelo de Markov, donde se consideró una cohorte de 10 000 pacientes con LMC en sus tres fases (fase crónica, acelerada y blástica), a lo largo de toda la vida y con una tasa de descuento del 3,5% para los costos y beneficios. Los resultados del modelo incluyeron los costos de cada alternativa de tratamiento con dasatinib, nilotinib ó imatinib, y los años de vida ajustados a calidad (QALYs) ganados. Los costos se expresan en Nuevos Soles (S/.) del año 2010. Resultados: En la fase crónica de la enfermedad, dasatinib 100 mg/día produjo la mayor cantidad de QALYs con 6,62 y la menor relación de costo-efectividad. En la fase acelerada, dasatinib 140 mg/día también mostró la menor relación de costo-efectividad en comparación con imatinib y nilotinib. En la fase blástica, dasatinib mostró menor relación de costo-efectividad que imatinib. Conclusiones: El dasatinib 100 mg/día mostró índices más bajos de costo-efectividad que las dosis de 800 mg/día de nilotinib para el tratamiento de pacientes con resistencia a la dosis habitual de imatinib en la fase crónica de la LMC, así como en la acelerada y respecto a imatinib 800 mg en la fase blástica. Aunque hubo un aumento de los costos en general, especialmente, debido al costo de dasatinib en 140 mg/dosis al día, este hecho se explica por el aumento en años de vida ganados y, en consecuencia, el mayor uso de medicamentos y de recursos médicos.

Introduction: Within the framework of Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia (CML) treatment in Peru, and based on a previously performed economic evaluation, we compared the costs and cost-effectiveness ratio of using 100mg/ day and 140 mg/day doses of dasatinib with the use of 800 mg/day doses of nilotinib or an increased dose of imatinib (800mg/day), for each phase of the disease, in patients who developed resistance to habitual doses of imatinib. Methods: A Markov model was used for this economic evaluation, which considered a cohort of 10 000 CML patients in its three phases (chronic, accelerated and blast phase), a lifetime horizon and a 3.5 % discount rate for costs and benefits. Model results included the costs of each treatment alternative with dasatinib, nilotinib or imatinib, and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained. Costs were measured in Peruvian SOLES of year 2010. Results: In the chronic phase of the disease, dasatinib 100 mg/day yielded the highest amount of QALYs with 6.62 and the lowest cost-effectiveness ratio. In the accelerated phase, dasatinib 140 mg/day also showed the lowest cost-effectiveness compared to nilotinib and imatinib. In the blast phase, dasatinib showed lower cost-effectiveness ratio than imatinib. Conclusions: Dasatinib 100 mg/day showed lo-west cost-effectiveness ratios than doses of 800 mg/day of nilotinib and imatinib 800 mg for the treatment of patients with CML resistant to usual imatinib doses in the chronic phase, as well as in the accelerated and blast phases. Although there was an overall cost increase, especially due to the cost of dasatinib in 140 mg/day doses, this fact was explained by the increase in life years gained and, consequently, the use of medical resources and drugs.

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Objetivo: Estimar la costo efectividad de Abatacept combinado con Metotrexato (MTX) en comparación a otras DARMEs biológicas, en combinación con MTX, en pacientes con AR moderada a severamente activa. Materiales y métodos: Se adaptó un modelo de secuencias de tratamiento para la representación de la invalidez en términos del índice HAQ en un horizonte de 5 años de enfermedad para una cohorte de 1 000 pacientes. Abatacept en combinación con MTX se comparó contra etanercept, rituximab, infliximab, adalimumab y tocilizumab, todas asociadas a MTX. Resultados: El costo de tratamiento con Abatacept es de S/. 169 263 y su efectividad es de 1.96 AVAC. Respecto a etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab y tocilizumab, abatacept se ha mostrado más efectivo en términos de AVACs y menos costoso. Respecto a rituximab, abatacept presenta un índice de costo efectividad incremental de S/ 75 493 por AVAC ganado. Conclusiones: abatacept es dominante frente a Etanercept, Adalimumab, Infliximab y Tocilizumab, desde la perspectiva del Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud) para el tratamiento de pacientes con AR moderada a severamente activa que han fallado a MTX.

Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of Abatacept in combination with Methotrexate (MTX) versus other biologic DMARDs in combination with MTX in patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis. Materials and methods: A sequential therapy model was adapted for representing disability using the HAQ Index in a 5-year horizon period for a 1000-patient cohort. Abatacept in combination with MTX was compared against etanercept, rituximab, infliximab, adalimumab, and tocilizumab, all of them combined with MTX. Results: The cost of abatacept therapy was S/. 169 263 and its effectiveness was found to be 1.96 QALY. Compared to etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab and tocilizumab, abatacept has shown to be the most effective agent in terms of QALYs and the least expensive. Compared to rituximab, abatacept has an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of S/. 75 493 per QALY gained. Conclusions: According to this model, abatacept was found to be superior compared to etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, and tocilizumab, from the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud) perspective for the treatment of moderately to severely active Rheumatoid Arthritis in patients who failed using a MTX-based therapy.

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Objetivo: con base en una evaluación económica realizada previamente, se realizó una adaptación de ésta a Venezuela y Colombia, previo análisis de transferibilidad de datos.Mediante esta adaptación se compararon los costos y la relación de costo-efectividad deluso de la dosis de 100 mg/día y 140 mg/día de dasatinib, el uso de 800 mg/día de nilotinib y eluso de una dosis mayor de imatinib (800mg/día), para cada fase de la enfermedad, en pacientes que desarrollaron resistencia a la dosis habitual de imatinib.Métodos: para realizar la adaptación de la evaluación económica, se asumieron las probabilidades decambio de acuerdo al modelo de Markov, donde se consideró una cohorte de 10 000 pacientes con LMCen sus tres fases (crónica, acelerada y blástica) a lo largo de toda la vida y con una tasa de descuento del 3,5 % para los costos y beneficios. Los resultados delmodelo incluyeron los costos de cada alternativa de tratamientocon dasatinib, nilotinib o imatinib y los años devida ajustados a calidad ganados. Los costos se expresanen pesos colombianos y bolívares fuertes del año 2009.Resultados: en la fase crónica de la enfermedad, dasatinib100 mg/día produjo la mayor cantidad de añosde vida ajustados a calidad, tanto para Colombia comopara Venezuela (6,88 y 6,54, respectivamente) y la menorrelación de costo-efectividad. En la fase acelerada,dasatinib 140 mg/día también mostró la menor relaciónde costo-efectividad en comparación con imatinib ynilotinib. En la fase blástica, dasatinib mostró menorrelación de costo-efectividad que imatinib. Conclusiones: el dasatinib a dosis de 100 mg/día y 140mg/día mostraron los índices más bajos de costo-efectividad que en las dosis de 800 mg/día de nilotinib para el tratamiento de pacientes con resistencia a la dosis habitual de imatinib en la fase crónica de la LMC, así como en la acelerada y la blástica. Aunque hubo un aumento de los costos en general, especialmente debido al costo de dasatinib.

Objective: Based on a previously performedeconomic evaluation, we adapted a Cost-effectivenessmodel for Venezuela and Colombia, aftera data transferability analysis. We comparedthe costs and cost-effectiveness ratio of using100mg/day and 140 mg/day doses of Dasatinibversus 800 mg/day doses of Nilotinib or an increaseddose of Imatinib (800mg/day), for eachphase of the disease, in patients who developedresistance to habitual doses of Imatinib.Methods: To adapt the economic evaluation, weassumed the transition probabilities based on theMarkov model used for this economic evaluation,which considered a cohort of 10.000 CML patientsin its three phases (chronic, accelerated or blast phase), a lifetime horizon and a 3.5 % discountrate for costs and benefits. Model resultsincluded the costs of each treatment alternativewith Dasatinib, Nilotinib or Imatinib, and the QualityAdjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained. Costs weremeasured in Colombian pesos and Bolivares Fuertes(BsF) of year 2009.Results: In the chronic phase of the disease, dasatinib100 mg/day yielded the highest amount of QALYs both for Colombia and Venezuela (6,88 and6,54 respectively) and the lowest cost-effectivenessratio. In the accelerated phase, Dasatinib 140mg/day also showed the lowest cost-effectivenesscompared to Nilotinib and Imatinib. In the blastphase, dasatinib showed lower cost-effectivenessratio than imatinib.Conclusions: Dasatinib 100 mg/day and 140 mg/day showed the lowest cost-effectiveness ratiosthan doses of 800 mg/day of Nilotinib for thetreatment of patients with CML resistant to usualimatinib doses in the chronic phase, as well as inthe accelerated and blast phases. Although there was an overall cost increase, especially due to thecost of Dasatinib in 140 mg/day doses, this factwas explained by the increase in years of life gainedand, consequently, the use of medical resourcesand drugs in the timeline of treatment.

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Introducción: Las infecciones fúngicas invasivas se asocian con elevada mortalidad, consumiendo además importantes recursos del sistema de salud. Objetivo: Se evaluó la costo-efectividad de voriconazol versus anfotericina B en el tratamiento de aspergilosis invasiva utilizando datos de un estudio randomizado comparativo (Herbrecht, NEJM 2002), en el cual se demostró la superioridad de voriconazol en términos de respuesta clínica, supervivencia y seguridad. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñó un modelo de decisión analítica en base a la información provista por el estudio clínico mencionado. Se analizaron los cambios en el tratamiento antifúngico debido a falta de respuesta o toxicidad renal o hepática con el tratamiento inicial, considerando sólo los costos directos médicos. Resultados: El costo promedio para la rama de voriconazol fue $44.040, frente a $45.428 de la rama de anfotericina B. Utilizando las asunciones del modelo (eficacia del 52,8% para voriconazol, 31,6% para anfotericina B) se asume que voriconazol fue dominante frente a anfotericina B como tratamiento primario, con un costo por paciente curado de $83.444,96 vs. $143.858,26. Se hicieron análisis de sensibilidad univariables para valorar el impacto de la modificación de distintas variables clave (costo de antifúngicos y del día de internación en terapia intensiva y en sala general). Aún considerando amplias variaciones de ellas, voriconazol continúa siendo costo-ahorrativo. Conclusiones: El análisis de costo-efectividad incremental indicó que voriconazol fue la terapia dominante debido la congruencia tanto de costos más bajos como de una mayor eficacia

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