RESUMEN
Mortality of chicken embryos and first-week chickens was reported in a commercial incubator company in Costa Rica. Six 1-day-old Cobb chickens and twenty-four embryonated chicken eggs were examined in the Laboratory of Avian Pathology and the Laboratory of Bacteriology of the National University of Costa Rica. Twelve dead-in-shell embryos showed maceration and were immersed in a putrid, turbid, slightly thick brown liquid. Additionally, the other 12 embryonated eggs had milky yellow-orange content. The livers of those embryos had congestion, haemorrhages and multifocal cream foci of necrosis. Granulocytic infiltration was observed in the bursa of Fabricius, myocardium, liver, lung and kidney. Livers and egg yolks from six embryonated chickens and all 1-day-old chickens were aseptically collected and cultured. In addition, tissues from six better conserved embryos and all 1-day-old chickens were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Biochemical and molecular tests identified Comamonas testosteroni as the cause of the early, middle and late embryo mortality. As all the eggshells from the sampled embryonated eggs were dirty with soiled a fecal matter, contamination after manipulating the eggs was considered the source of infection. C. testosteroni is an environmental microorganism that has rarely been reported to cause human disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. testosteroni causing mortality in a hatchery. Cleaning and disinfection using ozone were implemented in the hatchery to eliminate the embryo mortality associated with C. testosteroni.
Asunto(s)
Comamonas testosteroni , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Humanos , Embrión de Pollo , Animales , Femenino , Pollos , Costa Rica , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Hígado/patologíaRESUMEN
The global poultry trend toward the more responsible use of antibiotics is becoming recurrent and has demanded the need to generate new natural alternatives. Probiotics have gained importance as an option to use as growth promoters. This study aimed to evaluate Bacillus subtillis QST713 as a substitute for an antibiotic growth promoter (BMD). A total of 150 male broilers were assigned to three dietary treatments: 1) control diet (CO), 2) control diet + 500 g/t of BMD (AGP), and 3) control diet + 100 g/t of B. subtilis QST713 (PB), respectively. Each treatment was monitored for 5 wk for the productive variables: body weight, accumulated feed consumption, food conversion, and European efficiency factor. At the end of each week, fresh fecal samples were cultured and quantified for E. coli, Enterococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. At the end of the trial, blood samples were analyzed for hemogram and intestinal samples (anterior portion) for histomorphometry. The data were statistically analyzed with an analysis of variance and subjected to a least significant difference test (Tukey). The zootechnical yields were similar in the AGP and PB groups (P Ë 0.05); both superior to the control group. In the hematological profiles, no difference was observed between the experimental groups. E. coli and Enterococcus counts were significantly lower (P Ë 0.05), and Lactobacillus counts were significantly (P Ë 0.05) higher in the PB group, relative to CO and AGP groups. No differences (P Ë 0.05) were found in bacterial counts between the CO and AGP groups. The intestinal mucosa and villi in the PB group were significantly (P Ë 0.05) longer and with less deeper crypts than CO and AGP groups. We conclude that B. subtillis QST713, used at the suggested commercial dose (100 g/ton), is an effective growth-promoting alternative to BMD that modulates the microbiota and intestinal architecture, thus producing zootechnical yields consistent with BMD.
Asunto(s)
Bacitracina , Probióticos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Bacillus subtilis , Bacitracina/farmacología , Pollos , Dieta/veterinaria , Escherichia coli , MasculinoRESUMEN
Obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D) are the most prevalent and serious metabolic diseases affecting people worldwide. However racial and ethnic disparities seems to be a risk factor for their development. Mexico has been named as one of the largest populations with the highest prevalence of diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to identify novel T2D-associated proteins in Mexican patients. Blood samples were collected from 62 Mexican patients with T2D and they were grouped according to their body mass index(BMI). A panel of 10 diabetes and obesity serum markers was determined using MAGPIX. A comparative proteomics study was performed using two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis(2D-DIGE) followed by mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). We detected 113 spots differentially accumulated, in which 64 unique proteins were identified, proteins that were involved in metabolism pathways, molecular transport, and cellular signalling. Four proteins(14-3-3, ApoH, ZAG, and OTO3) showing diabetes-related variation and also changes in relation to obesity were selected for further validation by western blotting. Our results reveal new diabetes related proteins present in the Mexican population. These could provide additional insight into the understanding of diabetes development in Mexican population and may also be useful candidate biomarkers.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/sangre , Índice de Masa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Electroforesis Bidimensional Diferencial en Gel/métodos , Anciano , Cromatografía Liquida , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Obesidad/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Amaranth is a source of several bioactive compounds, among which peptides with inhibitory activity upon dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) have been reported. However, there is no information about the action of amaranth DPP-IV-inhibitory peptides using in vivo models. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of amaranth consumption on plasma and kidney DPP-IV activity as well the changes in plasma proteome profile of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats. METHODS: Rats were fed for 12 weeks with a diet containing 20% popped amaranth grain. Kidneys and blood samples were collected for lipid profile, DPP-IV activity and expression, and proteomic analysis. RESULTS: Total cholesterol and DPP-IV activity in plasma was increased in hyperglycemic rats, but this effect was reverted by amaranth consumption. Triacylglycerols were increased in the hyperglycemic group fed amaranth, and the highest levels of high-density lipoproteins were also observed in this group. These data correlated with the accumulation of apolipoprotein A-II in plasma. Accumulation of the antioxidant protein paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats was observed when amaranth was supplied in the diet. CONCLUSION: This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which amaranth exerts its beneficial health action in a hyperglycemic state.
Asunto(s)
Amaranthus , Arildialquilfosfatasa/sangre , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/dietoterapia , Dipeptidil Peptidasa 4/sangre , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/enzimología , Dipeptidil Peptidasa 4/metabolismo , Alimentos Funcionales , Riñón/enzimología , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Nutrigenómica , Proteoma/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Bioactive compounds present in foods could potentially have beneficial effects on human health. In this study we report the in vitro inhibitory capacity of peptides released from amaranth seed proteins after enzymatic digestion, against dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV); an enzyme known to deactivate incretins, hormones involved in insulin secretion. Other seeds, such as soybean, black bean, and wheat were also tested. The highest inhibition of DPPIV was observed with amaranth peptides released after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, showing an IC(50) of 1.1mg/mL in a dose-dependent manner. In silico tryptic digestion of amaranth globulins was carried out releasing peptides larger than 13 residues. Some of these peptides were used for the in silico prediction of their binding modes with DPPIV. Docking models showed that the possible mechanism of globulin peptides to inhibit DPPIV was through blocking the active dimer formation. Peptides were also found inside the major cavity where the natural substrates reach the catalytic site of the enzyme. This is the first report of the identification of inhibitory DPPIV peptides from amaranth hydrolysates and the prediction of their binding modes at the molecular level, leading to their possible use as functional food ingredients in the prevention of diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Amaranthus/química , Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/química , Péptidos/química , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Amaranthus/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Dominio Catalítico , Digestión , Dipeptidil Peptidasa 4/química , Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Hidrólisis , Modelos Biológicos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Péptidos/genética , Péptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Semillas/química , PorcinosRESUMEN
Species of Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia are soil amoebae that can cause encephalitis in animals and humans. Of these, Naegleria fowleri is the cause of often fatal primary meningoencephalitis in humans. N. fowleri-associated encephalitis was diagnosed in a cow that was suspected to have rabies. Only formalin-fixed brain was available for diagnosis. There was severe meningoencephalitis involving all parts of the brain and numerous amoebic trophozoites were present in lesions. The amoebae reacted with N. fowleri-specific polyclonal antibodies in an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. This is the first report of amoebic encephalitis in any host from Costa Rica.
Asunto(s)
Amebiasis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalitis/veterinaria , Naegleria fowleri/aislamiento & purificación , Amebiasis/diagnóstico , Amebiasis/patología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Costa Rica , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Meningoencefalitis/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalitis/patologíaRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The introduction of fat and carbohydrates replacers has been a revolutionary advance in treating obesity and diabetes mellitus. Since these materials have shown to have beneficial effects on the metabolic profiles of diabetic patients, they should be useful in designing specific foods for patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To compare metabolic and anthropometric improvements elicited by a diet based on the American Diabetic Association's nutrition recommendations with a modified, low-energy diet incorporating fat replacers and non-sucrose sweeteners. DESIGN: A total of 16 male, well controlled type 2 diabetes patients were divided into two groups of eight; one group received the diet based on the American Diabetic Association's nutrition recommendations, and the other was fed a modified, low-calorie diet containing a fat replacer (beta-glucans derived from oats) and the sweeteners, sucralose and fructose. Both groups were maintained on their respective diets for 4 weeks. All patients performed daily aerobic exercise consisting of walking for 60 minutes. Body weight, body mass index, basal glycemia, hemoglobin HbA1C, and lipid profile were determined in each patient before starting the diets and after 4 weeks of dietary intervention. RESULTS: Both diets produced significant improvements in weight, body mass index, lipid profile, basal glucose, and HbA1C. However, the experimental diet was superior to the American Diabetic Association's diet in improving metabolic and anthropometric profile: greater increase in HDL cholesterol and larger decreases in HbA1C, weight, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: A diet incorporating a fat replacer and non-sucrose sweeteners produced a greater improvement in metabolic and anthropometric variables in well controlled type 2 diabetic patients when compared with a diet based on American Diabetic Association's nutrition recommendations.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Dieta para Diabéticos , Glucanos/administración & dosificación , Sacarosa/análogos & derivados , Edulcorantes/administración & dosificación , beta-Glucanos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Dieta para Diabéticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Fructosa/administración & dosificación , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sacarosa/administración & dosificación , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
Trimetazidine is a drug with cardioprotective properties used in coronary artery disease. Its effect has been attributed to the inhibition of the long chain fatty acids intramitochondrial transport via carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase-1. Clinical evidence supports the possibility that trimetazidine is able to improve the fasting glycemia in diabetic patients. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of trimetazidine on serum glucose of Sprague-Dawley rats with fasting hyperglycemia. All animals received water and food "ad libitum." Blood glucose was measured weekly to confirm fasting hyperglycemia in rats. The rats were treated for 1 month with trimetazidine (1 mg/kg), and blood samples were collected (in the fasting period) on the last day of treatment (the 30th day); and then on the 15th day posttreatment, measurements of plasma glucose were taken. Fasting plasma levels after 30 days of trimetazidine administration decreased significantly from 141.2 +/- 3.3 mg/dL (pre-drug) to 120.9 +/- 5.8 mg/dL (P<0.01). 15 days after the end of treatment, fasting plasma glucose levels (137.0 +/- 7.0 mg/dL) were close to the pretreatment levels but significantly different (P<0.05) from levels on day 30 of treatment. These data suggest that trimetazidine improved blood glucose utilization in rats with fasting hyperglycemia.