RESUMEN
Adopting dietary lifestyle changes for diabetes management is often difficult for patients; yet the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes of dietary management for the patient are not extensively developed in the HRQOL assessments now widely used in diabetes research. This study developed a preliminary instrument, the diabetes dietary satisfaction and outcomes measure, to assess outcomes of individuals' experiences in following a meal plan for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A theoretical framework and preliminary focus group data guided the design of a 47-item questionnaire, administered to 239 patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical file data was obtained on 180 of these patients. Fifty-four percent of respondents were women, with mean age of 64 +/- 12 years and diabetes duration of 10 +/- 8 years. Scores for the satisfaction and other outcome measures discriminated between patient groups by age, gender, medication use, depression diagnosis, meal plan status, and employment status. Significant correlations also occurred with diet adherence, number of co-morbidities, and glycemic control as measured by glycolated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Future research with additional patient samples is needed to refine the measure for use in diabetes education programs.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicología , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Satisfacción del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Perfil de Impacto de Enfermedad , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Dieta para Diabéticos/psicología , Femenino , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Insulina/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cooperación del Paciente/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Resultado del Tratamiento , WashingtónRESUMEN
Eighty years ago, Ramanujan conjectured and proved some striking congruences for the partition function modulo powers of 5, 7, and 11. Until recently, only a handful of further such congruences were known. Here we report that such congruences are much more widespread than was previously known, and we describe the theoretical framework that appears to explain every known Ramanujan-type congruence.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is well known for its role in patterning tissues, including structures of the head. Haploinsufficiency for SHH in humans results in holoprosencephaly, a syndrome characterized by facial and forebrain abnormalities. Shh null mice have cyclopia and loss of branchial arch structures. It is unclear, however, whether these phenotypes arise solely from the early function of Shh in patterning midline structures, or whether Shh plays other roles in head development. RESULTS: To address the role of Shh after floorplate induction, we inhibited Shh signaling by injecting hybridoma cells that secrete a function-blocking anti-Shh antibody into the chick cranial mesenchyme. The antibody subsequently bound to Shh in the floorplate, notochord, and the pharyngeal endoderm. Perturbation of Shh signaling at this stage resulted in a significant reduction in head size after 1 day, loss of branchial arch structures after 2 days, and embryos with smaller heads after 7 days. Cell death was significantly increased in the neural tube and neural crest after 1 day, and neural crest cell death was not secondary to the loss of neural tube cells. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of Shh signaling after neural tube closure resulted in a transient decrease in neural tube cell proliferation and an extensive increase in cell death in the neural tube and neural crest, which in turn resulted in decreased head size. The phenotypes observed after reduction of Shh are similar to those observed after cranial neural crest ablation. Thus, our results demonstrate a role for Shh in coordinating the proliferation and survival of cells of the neural tube and cranial neural crest.
Asunto(s)
Cara/embriología , Cabeza/embriología , Holoprosencefalia/embriología , Cresta Neural/crecimiento & desarrollo , Defectos del Tubo Neural/embriología , Proteínas/fisiología , Transactivadores , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Muerte Celular , División Celular , Linaje de la Célula , Movimiento Celular , Embrión de Pollo , Proteínas Hedgehog , Hibridomas/metabolismo , Hibridomas/trasplante , Mesodermo/patología , Morfogénesis/genética , Fenotipo , Proteínas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas/inmunología , Rombencéfalo/embriologíaRESUMEN
In vertebrates, somite differentiation is mediated in part by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), secreted by the notochord and the floor plate. However, Shh-null mice display close to normal expression of molecular markers for dermomytome, myotome, and sclerotome, indicating that Shh might not be required for their initial induction. In this paper, we have addressed the capacity of Shh to regulate in vivo the expression of the somite differentiation markers Pax-1, MyoD, and Pax-3 after separation of paraxial mesoderm from axial structures. We show that Pax-1, which is lost under these experimental conditions, is rescued by Shh. In contrast, Shh maintains, but cannot induce MyoD expression, while Pax-3 expression is independent of the presence of axial structures or Shh. Finally, we demonstrate that Shh is a potent mitogen for somitic cells, supporting the idea that it may serve to expand subpopulations of cells within the somite.
Asunto(s)
Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas/fisiología , Somitos/fisiología , Transactivadores , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , División Celular , Embrión de Pollo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Embrión no Mamífero/anatomía & histología , Embrión no Mamífero/metabolismo , Inducción Embrionaria , Proteínas Hedgehog , Hibridación in Situ , Mesodermo/metabolismo , Proteína MioD/metabolismo , Cresta Neural/embriología , Factor de Transcripción PAX3 , Factores de Transcripción Paired Box , Somitos/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
The oligodendrocyte precursor cell divides a limited number of times before terminal differentiation. The timing of differentiation depends on both intracellular mechanisms and extracellular signals, including mitogens that stimulate proliferation and signals such as thyroid hormone (TH) and retinoic acid (RA) that help trigger the cells to stop dividing and differentiate. We show here that, both in vivo and in vitro, TH is required for the normal development of rodent optic nerve oligodendrocytes, although in its absence some oligodendrocyte development still occurs, perhaps promoted by signals from axons. We also demonstrate that TH from both mother and pup plays a part in oligodendrocyte development in vivo. Finally, we show that precursors in embryonic nerve cultures differ from those in postnatal cultures in two ways: they respond much better to TH than to RA, and they respond more slowly to TH, suggesting that oligodendrocyte precursor cells mature during their early development.
Asunto(s)
Oligodendroglía/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Hormonas Tiroideas/farmacología , Hormonas Tiroideas/fisiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Axones/efectos de los fármacos , Axones/fisiología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Embrión de Mamíferos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Ratones Transgénicos , Oligodendroglía/citología , Oligodendroglía/fisiología , Nervio Óptico/citología , Nervio Óptico/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Células Madre/citología , Células Madre/fisiología , Hormonas Tiroideas/genética , Factores de Tiempo , Tretinoina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
To compare changes in primary afferent nociceptors associated with inflammatory versus neuropathic hyperalgesia, we evaluated in rats the mechanical stimulus-response function of isolated C-fiber primary afferent nociceptors to 10-s stimuli of differing mechanical strengths; 36 fibers after prostaglandin E2, 28 fibers from streptozotocin-diabetic rats and 46 fibers from control, non-treated rats were examined. Intradermal injection of prostaglandin E2 decreased mechanical threshold of 19 of 35 (54%) C-fibers. C-fibers that demonstrated a decrease in the mechanical threshold after prostaglandin E2 also showed an increased response to suprathreshold stimuli. The increase in the number of action potentials in prostaglandin E2-treated C-fibers was greatest at lower magnitude stimulus intensities, i.e. near threshold; the response to higher magnitude stimulus intensities was unchanged from that in control animals. In contrast, an increase in the number of action potentials seen in C-fibers from streptozotocin-diabetic rats was not seen at low-magnitude stimulus intensities; rather, a pronounced increase in response was seen at high-magnitude stimulus intensities. The von Frey hair thresholds for C-fibers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats were not different from those in control C-fibers. These data suggest that the changes in mechanical stimulus-response function of C-fibers are different in inflammatory compared to neuropathic mechanical hyperalgesia. These differences may underlie some of the differences in clinical features between inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesias.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Neuropatías Diabéticas/complicaciones , Dinoprostona/farmacología , Hiperalgesia/etiología , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatología , Fibras Nerviosas/efectos de los fármacos , Fibras Nerviosas/fisiología , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/complicaciones , Masculino , Estimulación Física , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
We evaluated by immunohistochemistry the presence of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) and ubiquitin-like material which may accumulate in axons of the human spinal cord subjected to injury. Autopsy material was obtained from nine cases with different types of trauma: breech delivery with neonatal spinal injury, compression of the cord induced by fractures of the vertebral column, haematomas or intradural meningioma. The posttrauma period ranged from 10 days to several years. The spinal cord of six control cases without evidence of injury presented beta APP immunoreactivity in nerve cell bodies and in a few axonal profiles but not in dendrites. Seven of the nine cases with spinal cord trauma showed an accumulation of beta APP-immunoreactive material in axons of the longitudinal tracts at the site of the injury. Five cases presented similar axonal immunoreactivity in the grey matter of the cord. Ubiquitin-like immunoreactivity was present in expanded axons in cases with spinal cord injury. Cases with spinal cord trauma thus present beta APP-immunoreactive axons particularly of the longitudinal tracts in the same way as in trauma to rat spinal cord and in various brain injuries. The aggregation of beta APP-immunoreactive material indicates disturbed axonal transport of beta APP. Accumulation of ubiquitin-like immunoreactive material in expanded axons at the site of trauma may be one prerequisite for degradation of abnormal proteins by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway.
Asunto(s)
Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/análisis , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/patología , Ubiquitinas/análisis , Ubiquitinas/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/metabolismoRESUMEN
Behavioral studies have shown that mechanical hyperalgesia induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandin E2 is blocked by inhibitors of the cAMP second messenger system. Similarly, injection of prostaglandin E2 also induces a decrease in mechanical threshold and an increase in the number of action potentials elicited by test stimuli in most C-fibre nociceptors. This change is called sensitization. To further evaluate the degree of correlation between primary afferent sensitization and mechanical hyperalgesia, we conducted a study to evaluate the effect of agents known to block the cAMP second messenger system and behavioral manifestations of mechanical hyperalgesia following injection of prostaglandin E2. The agents tested were guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), an inhibitor of stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins; 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase; and Walsh Inhibitor Peptide, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Single fibre electrophysiologic studies of 138 C-fibres, innervating the dorsum of the hind paw, was done in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The number of spikes evoked by a 10 s application of a threshold von Frey hair were determined before and after intradermal injection of test agents administered alone and in combination with prostaglandin E2. Injection of prostaglandin E2 with the test agent vehicle (saline or distilled water) resulted in a significant decrease in von Frey hair threshold and an increase in the number of spikes generated in response to threshold von Frey hairs. In contrast, co-injection of prostaglandin E2 with guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine or Walsh inhibitor peptide did not result in a significant decrease in von Frey hair mechanical threshold or increase in the number of spikes generated to the threshold stimuli, compared with vehicle/prostaglandin E2. It is suggested that guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine and Walsh inhibitor protein inhibited prostaglandin E2 sensitization of primary afferent C-fibres by inhibiting a stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein, adenylyl cyclase, and protein kinase A, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that primary afferent sensitization by prostaglandin E2 underlies prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Didesoxiadenosina/análogos & derivados , Dinoprostona/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Guanosina Difosfato/análogos & derivados , Fibras Nerviosas/efectos de los fármacos , Péptidos/farmacología , Tionucleótidos/farmacología , Animales , AMP Cíclico/fisiología , Didesoxiadenosina/farmacología , Potenciales Evocados/efectos de los fármacos , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Guanosina Difosfato/farmacología , Hiperalgesia/inducido químicamente , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatología , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Masculino , Mecanorreceptores/efectos de los fármacos , Mecanorreceptores/fisiología , Neuronas Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Sistemas de Mensajero Secundario/efectos de los fármacos , Sistemas de Mensajero Secundario/fisiología , Umbral Sensorial/efectos de los fármacos , Umbral Sensorial/fisiologíaRESUMEN
1. We have previously demonstrated that although rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (STZ-D) have decreased behavioral mechanical nociceptive thresholds (hyperalgesia), their C-fiber primary afferent mechanical (von Frey hair) thresholds are not altered. Instead, when stimulated with a standardized sustained suprathreshold mechanical stimulus, C-fibers from STZ-D rats were found to have an increased number of spikes (hyperexcitability). We suggested that this C-fiber hyperexcitability contributes to the behavioral hyperalgesia and that agents that reverse the hyperalgesia may act by decreasing this hyperexcitability. Because protein kinase C activity contributes to C-fiber afferent excitability, we examined the effect of agents that inhibit protein kinases on behavioral mechanical nociceptive thresholds and on the response of C-fiber afferents to sustained mechanical stimulation. 2. The effects of intradermal injection of two protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and protein kinase C pseudosubstrate inhibitor peptide [PKC(19-36)], on behavioral mechanical nociceptive thresholds were determined using the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal device. These agents increased the mechanical nociceptive threshold of STZ-D rats in a dose-dependent manner but did not alter nociceptive threshold in control rats. 3. The same agents were tested for their effects on single C-fiber mechanical thresholds and excitability in response to suprathreshold (445 g) mechanical stimulation. Intradermal injection of staurosporine or PKC(19-36) significantly reduced the response of C-fibers from STZ-D rats to sustained suprathreshold mechanical stimulation but did not alter the response of C-fibers from control rats to the same stimulation. Neither agent altered mechanical threshold in C-fibers from either STZ-D or control rats. 4. In this study we found that both the mechanical behavioral hyperalgesia and the C-fiber hyperexcitability to mechanical stimuli seen in STZ-D rats are reduced by agents that inhibit protein kinase C. This evidence supports our hypothesis that C-fiber hyperexcitability, in part mediated by PKC activity, contributes to hyperalgesia in this model of diabetic neuropathy.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/farmacología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Fibras Nerviosas/efectos de los fármacos , Umbral del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Proteína Quinasa C/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína Quinasa C/farmacología , Transmisión Sináptica/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Neuropatías Diabéticas/fisiopatología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Mecanorreceptores/efectos de los fármacos , Mecanorreceptores/fisiología , Fibras Nerviosas/fisiología , Umbral del Dolor/fisiología , Proteína Quinasa C/fisiología , Ratas , Estaurosporina , Transmisión Sináptica/fisiologíaRESUMEN
C-Fiber mechanoheat (C-MH) nociceptors from the saphenous nerve were studied, in control rats and in rats that underwent surgical sympathectomy. Intradermal injection, alone, of either norepinephrine (NE) or the calcium ionophore, A23187, did not affect mechanical threshold. The combination of A23187 and NE, however, significantly decreased mechanical threshold. In the presence of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, C-MHs were not sensitized by the combination of NE + A23187. One week after surgical sympathectomy, the number of C-MHs sensitized by NE + A23187 was significantly reduced. In summary, NE appears to sensitize nociceptors indirectly. These data are compatible with the suggestion that a sympathetic postganglionic neuron-dependent release of prostaglandins mediates the sensitization. NE appears to act at an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor, only in the presence of an increased intracellular Ca2+.
Asunto(s)
Nociceptores/fisiología , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Piel/inervación , Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Calcimicina/farmacología , Estimulación Eléctrica , Indometacina/farmacología , Masculino , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/fisiología , Nociceptores/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Umbral Sensorial/efectos de los fármacos , Umbral Sensorial/fisiología , Simpatectomía , Yohimbina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
We have evaluated the pattern of c-fos expression induced in the rat spinal cord, caudal brainstem and cerebellum by a behavior that is associated with non-noxious inputs transmitted over large-diameter primary afferent fibers, namely walking for 1 h on a rotating rod. Walking on the rotating rod induced a large increase in the number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in regions of the cervical and lumbar spinal cord gray matter that contain neurons that respond to non-noxious stimuli: the inner part of the substantia gelatinosa (lamina IIi), the nucleus proprius and the medial parts of laminae V and VI. We also observed considerable labeling in lamina VII and in ventral horn motoneurons. We did not record an increased number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in lamina I, in the outer substantia gelatinosa (lamina IIo), or in the lateral, reticulated portion of lamina V, regions that contain neurons predominantly responsive to noxious stimulation. Unilateral sensory deafferentation of the forelimb, by multiple dorsal rhizotomies, significantly decreased the number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in the ipsilateral spinal cord, suggesting that afferent input contributed to the walking-induced pattern of labeling. In rats that walked on the Rota-Rod, we also recorded increased labeling in the dorsal column nuclei. Unilateral cervical deafferentation reduced the labeling in the cuneate nucleus; this reduction was paralleled by decreased cytochrome oxidase activity. Finally, we found that there was a significant increase in the number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in the cerebellum of rats that walked on the Rota-Rod. Northern blot analysis revealed that the increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity was associated with an increase in c-fos messenger RNA. The pattern of labeling observed in the rats that walked on the Rota-Rod was distinct from that observed when rats are exposed to a noxious stimulus [Presley et al. (1990) J. Neurosci. 10, 323-335]. This result reinforces the conclusion that by monitoring the evoked expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene, it is possible to identify unique populations of neurons that are specifically related to the modality of the stimulus or to behaviour occurring during the stimulus presentation.
Asunto(s)
Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/biosíntesis , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Caminata , Animales , Northern Blotting , Tronco Encefálico/citología , Tronco Encefálico/enzimología , Cerebelo/citología , Cerebelo/enzimología , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Desnervación , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Neuronas Motoras/metabolismo , Neuronas Motoras/fisiología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/inmunología , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Médula Espinal/citología , Médula Espinal/enzimologíaRESUMEN
It has been suggested that the mechanism underlying the pain that occurs in patients with diabetic neuropathy may be similar to that mediating sympathetically maintained pain (SMP), such as occurs in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. To evaluate this suggestion we have examined a model of diabetes mellitus, the streptozotocin-diabetic (STZ-D) rat, for features characteristic of SMP. We demonstrate that the decrease in nociceptive threshold observed in the STZ-D rat is not attenuated by chemical sympathectomy nor exacerbated by intradermal injection of norepinephrine (NE). In addition, the NE content is markedly decreased in the skin of the STZ-D rat. These results suggest that altered nociceptive thresholds associated with diabetic neuropathy are not sympathetically maintained.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Neuropatías Diabéticas/fisiopatología , Ganglios Simpáticos/fisiopatología , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatología , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Animales , Ganglios Simpáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Oxidopamina , Dolor/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Umbral Sensorial/efectos de los fármacos , Simpatectomía QuímicaRESUMEN
Recent evidence strongly suggests that the hyperalgesia induced by agents acting directly on the primary afferent is mediated by stimulatory G-proteins and the cAMP second messenger system. In this study, we used the Randall-Selitto paw-pressure device to study hyperalgesia that develops in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin in male Sprague-Dawley rats induced hyperglycemia and glucosuria detectable within 24 h of injection. A decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold in the hindpaw was detected after one week. Intradermal injection of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, had no significant effect on nociceptive threshold; and prostaglandin E2, which produces hyperalgesia by a direct action on the primary afferent, decreased nociceptive threshold similarly in streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats. Guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), which blocks stimulatory G-proteins, attenuated the prostaglandin E2-hyperalgesia in both streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats, but had no effect on baseline nociceptive threshold in either group. Intradermal injection of either 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, or phosphodiesterase, which degrades cAMP, increased mechanical nociceptive threshold in streptozotocin-diabetic rats whilst not affecting mechanical nociceptive threshold in the control rats. Intradermal injection of 8-bromo cAMP, a membrane-permeable analog of cAMP, produced hyperalgesia of significantly greater magnitude in the streptozotocin-diabetic rats than the control rats. Intradermal injection of N6-cyclopentyl adenosine, an A1-type adenosine agonist, which can activate an inhibitory G-protein and decrease cAMP production, also increased nociceptive thresholds in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. This effect was blocked by pertussis toxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatología , Mecanorreceptores/fisiología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Umbral Sensorial/efectos de los fármacos , 8-Bromo Monofosfato de Adenosina Cíclica/farmacología , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/farmacología , Toxina de Adenilato Ciclasa , Animales , Didesoxiadenosina/análogos & derivados , Didesoxiadenosina/farmacología , Dinoprostona/farmacología , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/fisiología , Guanosina Difosfato/análogos & derivados , Guanosina Difosfato/farmacología , Hiperalgesia/etiología , Indometacina/farmacología , Masculino , Mecanorreceptores/efectos de los fármacos , Toxina del Pertussis , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tionucleótidos/farmacología , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/farmacologíaRESUMEN
1. This study examined sensory neurons in the saphenous nerve of rats treated with streptozotocin to induce diabetes (STZ-D). Several physiological properties of sensory neurons were not significantly different in STZ-D compared with control (CON) rats, including percentage and rate of spontaneous activity seen in the whole nerve and mechanical and thermal thresholds of individual C-fibers. 2. The response of STZ-D and CON C-fibers to a sustained (1 min) mechanical stimulus of threshold force was similar. However, during the 5 min immediately after removal of this stimulus, there was a much greater afterdischarge in STZ-D rats (STZ-D: n = 35; 14.6 +/- 5.1 action potentials/5 min, mean +/- SE; CON: n = 34; 3.9 +/- 0.7 action potentials/5 min). The number of action potentials during a sustained (1 min) suprathreshold mechanical (445 g) stimulus was also significantly greater in the C-fibers from STZ-D rats (STZ-D: n = 44; 149.7 +/- 18.4 action potentials; CON: n = 45; 84.7 +/- 12.2 action potentials). The afterdischarge during the 5 min immediately after removal of the sustained suprathreshold stimulus was also greater in C-fibers from STZ-D rats (STZ-D: 38.7 +/- 13.1 action potentials/5 min; CON: 9.3 +/- 2.3 action potentials/5 min). 3. There was a significant difference between C-fibers from STZ-D and CON rats with respect to the distribution among certain sensory classes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Animales , Electrofisiología , Masculino , Mecanorreceptores/fisiología , Fibras Nerviosas/fisiología , Fibras Nerviosas Mielínicas/fisiología , Conducción Nerviosa/fisiología , Estimulación Física , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Umbral Sensorial/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Forty-two Wagner surface replacements were followed prospectively for 4 (3-6) years. Fifteen hips required rearthroplasty, in 11 cases owing to loosening and in 2 cases because of fracture of the femoral neck.
Asunto(s)
Prótesis de Cadera , Adulto , Femenino , Cadera/diagnóstico por imagen , Prótesis de Cadera/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Falla de Prótesis , Radiografía , ReoperaciónRESUMEN
The efficiency of a consistent treatment program for children with neonatal hip instability (NHI) was analyzed. Of 165 children who were referred to the orthopedic department with suspected NHI, 91 children had unstable hips and were treated with a von Rosen splint for 8 weeks; 74 children were found to have stable hips and were not treated, but were followed up in the same way as the treated children. All treated and untreated children developed clinically and radiologically normal hips. Treatment with a von Rosen splint is reliable, and with few exceptions 8 weeks is sufficient time for treatment of NHI.
Asunto(s)
Luxación Congénita de la Cadera/terapia , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Luxación Congénita de la Cadera/diagnóstico , Luxación Congénita de la Cadera/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación de la Cadera/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Radiografía , Férulas (Fijadores)RESUMEN
In four patients ectopic bone formed after total hip replacement was replaced with free fat transplants. One year later the patients were free from pain, and hip flexion had increased by 60 degrees on average. Ectopic bone was completely absent in one patient, and markedly reduced in the remaining three patients. Bone scintigraphy was found to be a sensitive technique to reveal early ectopic bone formation. Fat transplantation seems to be a satisfactory complement in the treatment of ectopic bone.
Asunto(s)
Prótesis de Cadera/efectos adversos , Osificación Heterotópica/etiología , Tejido Adiposo/trasplante , Difosfonatos , Articulación de la Cadera/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osificación Heterotópica/diagnóstico , Osificación Heterotópica/cirugía , Cuidados Posoperatorios , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Radiografía , Cintigrafía , Tecnecio , Medronato de Tecnecio Tc 99mRESUMEN
In a prospective study 50 extremities in 46 patients with total hip replacement (THR) were examined clinically and with EMG preoperatively and 4 weeks postoperatively. Four patients with normal preoperative findings had electromyographical evidence of nerve lesions postoperatively and three of these had clinical symptoms; one patient had no clinical symptoms. Ten patients with normal pre- and postoperative findings were re-examined 1 year after the operation and still found to be normal. In 150 records of patients with THR reviewed retrospectively, only one doubtful case of nerve lesions was found.