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INTRODUCTION: Standard treatment for small renal masses is partial nephrectomy, which has shown oncological results similar to radical nephrectomy. Ablation procedures such as radiofrequency and cryotherapy have recently been developed in order to minimize the side effects of conventional surgical excision. This article reviews radiofrequency ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this review, a search was made in the Medline database using the term "renal radiofrequency ablation". RESULTS: The different currently marketed systems for delivery of radiofrequency energy are examined. The different delivery approaches (open, laparoscopic, and percutaneous) are described. A trend towards use of the percutaneous approach was seen. Published clinical studies already include patient series with mid-term follow-ups (3 years) showing oncological outcomes similar to conventional resection procedures with fewer complications. CONCLUSIONS: Renal tumor radiofrequency ablation has proved to be an effective treatment with minimal complications. However, it should only be used in selected patients until longer follow-up studies are available.

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INTRODUCTION: The standard treatment of small renal masses is partial nephrectomy, which has showed similar oncologic results when compared with radical nephrectomy. Recently, ablative techniques, including radiofrequency and cryotherapy ablation, has been developed, with the purpose of minimizing adverse effects of standard surgical excision. In this article we review the technique of radiofrequency ablation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this review we conducted a search in the Medline database using the terms "renal radiofrequency ablation". RESULTS: The different currently marketed systems for the delivery of radiofrequency energy are examined. The different techniques of delivery (open, laparoscopic and percutaneous) are described; we observe a trend towards the use of the percutaneous method. Among the published clinical studies there are series of patients with midterm follow-up (3 years) that show oncologic outcomes similar to traditional resection techniques, with fewer complications. CONCLUSIONS: Renal tumor radiofrequency ablation has proved an effective therapy with minimal complications. However, it should be used only in selected patients until longer follow-up studies are available.

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Introducción: El tratamiento estándar de las masas renales de pequeño tamaño es la nefrectomía parcial, que ha demostrado unos resultados oncológicos semejantes a la nefrectomía radical. Recientemente se han desarrollado técnicas de ablación como la radiofrecuencia y la crioterapia, con el fin de minimizar los efectos secundarios de la resección quirúrgica convencional. En este artículo, revisamos la técnica de ablación mediante radiofrecuencia. Material y métodos: Para esta revisión se ha utilizado la base de datos Medline introduciendo los términos “renal radiofrequencyablation”. Resultados: Se analizan los diferentes sistemas que existen en el mercado para la aplicación de radiofrecuencia. Se describen las técnicas de aplicación (abierta, laparoscópica y percutánea), observando una tendencia clara a la aplicación de forma percutánea. En los estudios clínicos publicados existen ya series de pacientes con seguimientos a medio plazo (3 años) en los que se demuestra unos resultados oncológicos semejantes a los de las técnicas de resección clásicas y con un índice de complicaciones menor. Conclusiones: La ablación de tumores renales con radiofrecuencia ha demostrado ser un tratamiento eficaz y con mínimas complicaciones. Sin embargo, hasta que no existan seguimientos a largo plazo, se debe utilizar únicamente en pacientes seleccionados (AU)

Introduction: Standard treatment for small renal masses is partial nephrectomy, which has shown oncological results similar to radical nephrectomy. Ablation procedures such as radiofrequency and cryotherapy have recently been developed in order to minimize the side effects of conventional surgical excision. This article reviews radiofrequency ablation. Materials and methods: For this review, a search was made in the Medline database using the term “renal radiofrequency ablation”. Results: The different currently marketed systems for delivery of radiofrequency energy are examined. The different delivery approaches (open, laparoscopic, and percutaneous) are described. A trend towards use of the percutaneous approach was seen. Published clinical studies already include patient series with mid-term follow-ups (3 years) showing oncological outcomes similar to conventional resection procedures with fewer complications. Conclusions: Renal tumor radiofrequency ablation has proved to be an effective treatment with minimal complications. However, it should only be used in selected patients until longer follow-up studies are available (AU)

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Introducción: El tratamiento estándar de las masas renales de pequeño tamaño es la nefrectomía parcial, que ha demostrado unos resultados oncológicos semejantes a la nefrectomía radical. Recientemente se han desarrollado técnicas de ablación como la radiofrecuencia y la crioterapia, con el fin de minimizar los efectos secundarios de la resección quirúrgica convencional. En este artículo, revisamos la técnica de ablación mediante radiofrecuencia. Material y Métodos: Para esta revisión se ha utilizado la base de datos Medline introduciendo los términos “renal radiofrequency ablation”. Resultados: Se analizan los diferentes sistemas que existen en el mercado para la aplicación de radiofrecuencia. Se describen las técnicas de aplicación (abierta, laparoscópica y percutánea), observando una tendencia clara a la aplicación de forma percutánea. En los estudios clínicos publicados existen ya series de pacientes con seguimientos a medio plazo (3 años) en los que se demuestra unos resultados oncológicos semejantes a los de las técnicas de resección clásicas y con un índice de complicaciones menor. Conclusiones: La ablación de tumores renales con radiofrecuencia ha demostrado ser un tratamiento eficaz y con mínimas complicaciones. Sin embargo, hasta que no existan seguimientos a largo plazo, se debe utilizar únicamente en pacientes seleccionados (AU)

Introduction: The standard treatment of small renal masses is partial nephrectomy, which has showed similar oncologic results when compared with radical nephrectomy. Recently, ablative techniques, including radiofrequency and cryotherapy ablation, has been developed, with the purpose of minimizing adverse effects of standard surgical excision. In this article we review the technique of radiofrequency ablation. Material and methods: For this review we conducted a search in the Medline database using the terms “renal radiofrequency ablation”. Results: The different currently marketed systems for the delivery of radiofrequency energy are examined. The different techniques of delivery (open, laparoscopic and percutaneous) are described; we observe a trend towards the use of the percutaneous method. Among the published clinical studies there are series of patients with midterm follow-up (3 years) that show oncologic outcomes similar to traditional resection techniques, with fewer complications. Conclusions: Renal tumor radiofrequency ablation has proved an effective therapy with minimal complications. However, it should be used only in selected patients until longer follow-up studies are available (AU)

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En este trabajo analizamos las complicaciones de las diferentes aplicaciones del láser en urología. La búsqueda de una menor agresión en un intento de disminuir las complicaciones ha desarrollado esta energía en las patologías mas frecuentes de Urología. La utilización en la fragmentación de cálculos ureterales con láser Holmium ha modificado los algoritmos terapéuticos. En patología prostática analizamos las diferentes opciones desde la enucleación (Holep) y la fotovaporización con láser verde revisando las referencias bibliográficas y comparándolos con nuestra experiencia. Existen otras aplicaciones terapéuticas que utilizan esta energía como instrumento de corte en estenosis uretral, ureteral, unión pielo-ureteral o cervicotomía (AU)

In this paper we analyze the complications of various applications of laser in urology. The search of a minor aggression trying to diminish complications have lead the development of the use of this energy in the most frequent urologic pathologies. Its use in the fragmentation of ureteral stones has modified the therapeutic algorithms. In prostatic diseases we analyze the various options from enucleation (HoLEP) to green laser photovaporization, reviewing the bibliographic references and comparing them with our experience. There are other therapeutic applications that use this energy as a cutting instruments for urethral, ureteral, ureteropyelic junction stenosis, or bladder neck section (AU)

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In this paper we analyze the complications of various applications of laser in urology. The search of a minor aggression trying to diminish complications have lead the development of the use of this energy in the most frequent urologic pathologies. Its use in the fragmentation of ureteral stones has modified the therapeutic algorithms. In prostatic diseases we analyze the various options from enucleation (HoLEP) to green laser photovaporization, reviewing the bibliographic references and comparing them with our experience. There are other therapeutic applications that use this energy as a cutting instruments for urethral, ureteral, ureteropyelic junction stenosis, or bladder neck section.

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OBJECTIVES: We describe a series of surgical manoeuvres to perform a completely laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. METHODS/RESULTS: We set the patient in the lateral position. The trocars are placed in a rhombus shape, with an accessory trocar for liver retraction on the right side. Once the parietal peritoneum is open the ureter and gonadal vein are localized. We clip and section the gonadal vein. The renal pedicle is localized and dissected. We divide separately the renal artery and vein. We complete the dissection of the kidney. We start the caudal dissection of the ureter from the iliac vessels level down to the pelvis. We clip the ureter. Due to the trocar deployment we reach a point in which ureteral dissection becomes difficult. Then we perform 3 manoeuvres: 1) We change the camera from the lower trocar to the right side one. 2) We move the monitor to the feet of the patient. 3) The surgeon moves to the other side of the patient to work with the superior and inferior trocars. We introduce a retractor through the remaining trocar. With these changes the ureter is in line with the camera and we may have a good access to the pelvis, making the distal dissection of the ureter easier. The dissection ends when the classic image of tent of the vesicoureteral junction is seen. The bladder patch is resected and the bladder is sutured closed with a continuous suture. The specimen is bagged and extracted opening the orifice of the iliac fossa trocar. CONCLUSIONS: With this technique, a completely laparoscopic nephroureterectomy may be performed following the oncological principles of open surgery.

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Objetivo: Describimos en este artículo una serie de maniobras quirúrgicas para realizar la nefroureterectomía totalmente por vía laparoscópica. Métodos/resultados: Colocamos al paciente en posición lateral. Los trócares los situamos haciendo un dibujo en rombo, con un trocar accesorio para separar el hígado en el lado derecho. Una vez realizada la decolación, localizamos el uréter y la vena gonadal. Clipamos y seccionamos la vena gonadal. Localizamos y liberamos el pedículo renal. Seccionamos la arteria y la vena renal por separado. Completamos la liberación del riñón. Iniciamos la liberación del uréter a nivel de los vasos iliacos y vamos descendiendo hacia la pelvis. Clipamos el uréter. Debido a la disposición de los trócares, llega un momento en que la disección ureteral se hace difícil. Es aquí cuando realizamos 3 maniobras: 1) Pasamos la cámara del trocar inferior al trocar derecho. 2) Desplazamos la torre de laparoscopia hacia las piernas del paciente. 3) Después el cirujano se pasa al otro lado de la mesa para poder trabajar con los trócares superior e inferior. Por el trocar sobrante introducimos un separador. De esta manera nos queda el uréter en la misma dirección que la cámara y podemos tener un buen acceso a la pelvis, siendo la disección del uréter distal mas sencilla. La liberación finaliza cuando se observa la clásica imagen en tienda de campaña de la unión ureterovesical. Se reseca un rodete vesical y se cierra la vejiga con una sutura contínua. La pieza se extrae en bloque introducida en una bolsa, ampliando el puerto de la fosa iliaca. Conclusión: Con esta técnica se puede realizar una nefroureterectomía totalmente por vía laparoscópica, siguiendo los principios oncológicos de la cirugía abierta (AU)

Objectives: We describe a series of surgical manoeuvres to perform a completely laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. Methods/Results: We set the patient in the lateral position. The trocars are placed in a rhombus shape, with an accessory trocar for liver retraction on the right side. Once the parietal peritoneum is open the ureter and gonadal vein are localized. We clip and section the gonadal vein. The renal pedicle is localized and dissected. We divide separately the renal artery and vein. We complete the dissection of the kidney. We start the caudal dissection of the ureter from the iliac vessels level down to the pelvis. We clip the ureter. Due to the trocar deployment we reach a point in which ureteral dissection becomes difficult. Then we perform 3 manoeuvres: 1) We change the camera from the lower trocar to the right side one. 2) We move the monitor to the feet of the patient. 3) The surgeon moves to the other side of the patient to work with the superior and inferior trocars. We introduce a retractor through the remaining trocar. With these changes the ureter is in line with the camera and we may have a good access to the pelvis, making the distal dissection of the ureter easier. The dissection ends when the classic image of tent of the vesicoureteral junction is seen. The bladder patch is resected and the bladder is sutured closed with a continuous suture. The specimen is bagged and extracted opening the orifice of the iliac fossa trocar. Conclusions: With this technique, a completely laparoscopic nephroureterectomy may be performed following the oncological principles of open surgery (AU)

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