RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypoxemia is a relatively common complication in stable patients during fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB). To prevent this complication, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been described as an alternative to standard oxygen therapy. However, the advantages of HFNC over standard oxygen therapy in acute care patients receiving supplemental oxygen before FOB performed with an oral approach are unknown. METHODS: We conducted an observational study that involved subjects with a presumptive diagnosis of pneumonia and a clinical indication for a bronchial aspirate sample. The type of oxygen support (standard oxygen therapy vs HFNC) was selected according to availability. The oxygen flow in the HFNC group was 60 L/min. In both groups, the FIO2 was set at 0.40. Hemodynamic, respiratory dynamics, and gas exchange data were collected at baseline, before, during, and 24 h after FOB. RESULTS: Forty subjects were included, 20 in each group (HFNC and standard oxygen therapy). The study was performed on day 5 of hospitalization in the HFNC group and on day 4 in the standard oxygen therapy group (P = .10). No significant between-group differences in baseline characteristics were observed. HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy was associated with a smaller decrease in SpO2 levels during the procedure (94% vs 90%; P = .040, respectively) and with less variation between the last SpO2 measured before FOB and the lowest SpO2 during FOB (Δ SpO2 ): 2% versus 4.5% (P = .01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In acute subjects who required oxygen support before FOB, the use of HFNC during FOB with an oral approach was associated with a smaller decrease in SpO2 and lower Δ SpO2 compared with standard oxygen therapy.
Asunto(s)
Ventilación no Invasiva , Insuficiencia Respiratoria , Humanos , Oxígeno/uso terapéutico , Cánula , Broncoscopía , Saturación de Oxígeno , Terapia por Inhalación de Oxígeno/métodos , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/terapia , Ventilación no Invasiva/métodosRESUMEN
El trasplante de hígado es el último recurso para el tratamiento de hepatopatías. Para evitar el rechazo del injerto se requieren esquemas de inmunosupresión que han ido evolucionando a lo largo de los años. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos PubMed sobre las terapias inmunosupresoras disponibles para evitar el rechazo del injerto en el trasplante hepático, los esquemas utilizados, efectos adversos, interacciones y sus modificaciones desde la fase de inducción hasta el seguimiento posterior. Se encontró que la inducción habitual es con esteroides o terapia inmunológica clonal. En el mantenimiento, los inhibidores de la calcineurina son los más utilizados, las dosis se deben ajustar según sus niveles séricos y la presencia de efectos adversos como nefrotoxicidad o diabetes. Por otra parte, los inhibidores del mTOR han sido considerados como agentes reductores del riesgo de recidiva de cáncer hepatocelular. Las características del paciente y sus comorbilidades (embarazo, insuficiencia renal, diabetes, sepsis, carcinoma hepatocelular) requieren modificar el tratamiento e individualizarlo
Liver transplantation is the last option for the treatment of liver disease. Immunosuppression schemes are required to avoid graft rejection, which have evolved over the years. A literature review was carried out in PubMed on the immunosuppressive therapies available to avoid graft rejection in liver transplantation, as well as on the schemes used, adverse effects, interactions and their modifications from the induction phase to subsequent follow-up. The usual induction was found to be with steroids or clonal immune therapy. In maintenance, calcineurin inhibitors are the most widely used, and their doses should be adjusted according to their serum levels and the presence of adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity or diabetes. On the other hand, mTOR inhibitors have been considered to reduce the risk of hepatocellular cancer recurrence. The characteristics of the patient and their comorbidities (pregnancy, kidney failure, diabetes, sepsis, hepatocellular carcinoma) require modification and individualization of the treatment.