RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The septate uterus is the most common congenital uterine anomaly, and hysteroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing it. The goal of this meta-analysis is to perform a pooled analysis of the diagnostic performance of two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography, two-dimensional transvaginal sonohysterography, three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound, and three-dimensional transvaginal sonohysterography for the diagnosis of the septate uterus. METHODS: Studies published between 1990 and 2022 were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. From 897 citations, we selected eighteen studies to include in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of uterine septum in this meta-analysis was 27.8%. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 83% and 99% for two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography (ten studies), 94% and 100% for two-dimensional transvaginal sonohysterography (eight studies), and 98% and 100% for three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (seven articles), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional transvaginal sonohysterography was only described in two studies, and we did not calculate the pooled sensitivity and specificity for this method. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound has the best performance capacity for the diagnosis of the septate uterus.
RESUMEN
Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae) is an ancient medicinal plant commonly used to alleviate pain. Nevertheless, scientific studies validating this property are lacking in the literature. Animal models of pain were used to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of T. lucida essential oil (TLEO) and a bioactive metabolite. The chemical constitution and possible toxicity of the extract and the mechanism of action of ß-caryophyllene were also explored. Temporal course curves and dose-response graphics were generated using TLEO (0.1-10 mg/kg or 3.16-31.62 mg/kg) and ß-caryophyllene (3.16-10 mg/kg). Metamizole (80 mg/kg) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg) were used as reference drugs in the formalin assay and writhing test in rats and mice, respectively. The ß-caryophyllene mechanism of action was explored in the presence of naloxone (1 mg/kg), flumazenil (10 mg/kg), WAY100635 (0.16 mg/kg), or nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (20 mg/kg) in the formalin test in rats. GC/MS analysis demonstrated the presence of geranyl acetate (49.89%), geraniol (7.92%), and ß-caryophyllene (6.27%). Significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive response was produced by TLEO and ß-caryophyllene without the presence of gastric damage. In conclusion, ß-caryophyllene was confirmed as a bioactive compound in the T. lucida analgesic properties by involving the participation of receptors like opioids, benzodiazepines, and Serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A), as well as nitric oxide.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Aceites Volátiles/química , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/administración & dosificación , Tagetes/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Dipirona/administración & dosificación , Dipirona/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Indometacina/administración & dosificación , Indometacina/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Dolor/metabolismo , Aceites de Plantas/química , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/química , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/farmacología , Ratas , Receptor de Serotonina 5-HT1A/metabolismoRESUMEN
Verbena carolina L. (Verbenaceae) is used as a decoction in Mexican folk medicine with applications against digestive problems and for dermatological infections. The present work firstly reported HPLC analysis, as well as the free radical scavenging capacity of the extracts and isolated compounds. Antimicrobial analyses of these substances against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi and the fungi Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were also tested, as well as the acute oral toxicity in mice of aqueous extracts. Major secondary metabolites in V. carolina extracts were isolated by conventional phytochemical methods which consisted of three terpenoids ((1), (3) and (4)) and four phenolic compounds ((2), (4)-(6)). Their contents were determined by HPLC in six different samples from different locations. The results indicated that ursolic acid (1), hispidulin (2), verbenaline (3), hastatoside (4), verbascoside (5), hispidulin 7-O-ß-d-glucuronopyranoside (6) and pectolinaringenin-7-O-α-d-glucuronopyranoside (7) were the main constituents and ranged from 0.17 to 3.37 mg/g of dried plant, with verbascoside being the most abundant and with a significant antioxidant activity in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hispidulin was the only active compound against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The aqueous extract showed no significant toxicity (LD50: > 5000 mg/mL). To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report of the chemical characterization of V. carolina and also of the activity of its constituents towards reactive oxygen species and dermatophytes, and its safety for consumption.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Verbena/química , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Medicina Tradicional , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Metabolismo Secundario , Terpenos/química , Terpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Terpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The main objective of treatment against hypertension is not only to reduce blood pressure levels, but also to reduce vascular risk in general. In the present work, administering angiotensin II (AGII; 0.2 µg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 12 weeks) activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which caused an increase in corticosterone levels, as well as in proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) and macrophage chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 4 (IL-4)). On observing the behavior in the different models, an anxiogenic effect (elevated plus maze (EPM)) and cognitive impairment (water Morris maze (WMM)) was observed in animals with AGII. By administering organic extracts from Ocimum basilicum (Oba-EtOAc) and Ocimum selloi (Ose-EtOAc), and some doses of rosmarinic acid (RA) (6 weeks per os (p.o.)), the damage caused by AGII was stopped by re-establishing corticosterone serum levels and by decreasing the proinflammatory cytokines and MCP-1.
Asunto(s)
Cinamatos/farmacología , Depsidos/farmacología , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Ocimum/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Angiotensina II/farmacología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Corticosterona/sangre , Citocinas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hipertensión/inducido químicamente , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Ocimum basilicum/química , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/efectos de los fármacos , Distribución Aleatoria , Navegación Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido RosmarínicoRESUMEN
El propósito de este artículo está centrado en dar a conocer los avatares, es decir, las situaciones o vicisitudes contrarias o, que se presentan en la intervención psicológica de los trastornos disruptivos en niños y niñas, tarea que se lleva a cabo a través de una revisión desde la literatura científica que da cuenta de los tratamientos utilizados, de la adquisición de conductas adecuadas y eliminación de conductas inadecuadas como resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento que recibe el infante cuando padece un trastorno disruptivo.
The purpose of this article is focused on making known the avatars, that is, the situations or vicissitudes opposite or, that occur in the psychological intervention of disruptive disorders in boys and girls, a task that is carried out through a review from the scientific literature that accounts for the treatments used, the acquisition of appropriate behaviors and elimination of inappropriate behaviors as results obtained in the treatment received by the infant when he suffers from a disruptive disorder.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva , Psicopatología , Trastorno de la Conducta/complicaciones , Problema de Conducta/psicologíaRESUMEN
The genus Selaginella comprises several species, some of which grow on the American continent. Among these species, S. nothohybrida Valdespino, S. lepidophylla Hook et Grev, S. pallescens (Presl) Spring, and S. reflexa Underw. are found in several states of the Mexican Republic. The aforementioned three species are used medicinally, typically to treat renal disorders. This paper describes the development of an HPLC-UV method for the determination of amentoflavone (1), robustaflavone (2), and (2S)-2,3-dihydrorobustaflavone (3) as major components of the above-mentioned species of Selaginella. Components 1, 2, and 3 were quantitatively determined using an XBridge Waters C18 5 microm column, with a gradient system consisting of mixtures of acetonitrile and water with 0.4% acetic acid. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min, with UV detection at 367 nm. LOD and LOQ values were in the range of 0.025 to 0.216 microg/mL. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 showed good linearity in the 1.2 to 18 microg/mL range; recovery was within 98.2 and 101.9% for all three cases. Compounds 1 and 2 were detected in all eight samples; their concentration ranged from 0.35 to 1.79 mg/g of plant. Thus, compounds 1 and 2 could be used as markers for S. nothohybrida, S. lepidophylla, S. pallescens, and S. reflexa. In addition, trehalose was detected in all samples as two peaks at 1.5 and 2.0 min. The HPLC method described here was shown to be reliable, reproducible, and accurate and can be used for QC of Selaginella medicinal materials.
Asunto(s)
Biflavonoides/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Selaginellaceae/química , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
In a search of new efficient herbicides of natural origin, four derivatives were prepared from labdane-8α,15-diol (1) and 15-O-acetyl-8α-hydroxy labdane (2) isolated from Croton ciliatoglanduliferus. Their inhibitory activity on photosynthetic electron transport on fresh, broken spinach chloroplasts and on the growth of plants were determined. Derivative 15-O-benzoyl-8α-hydroxy labdane (5) was seven times more active than 2 as reaction Hill inhibitor. Complex of 5 with the adjuvant 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (5:HPB) (200 µM) was sprayed on Physalys ixocarpa (green tomato) plants; 48 h later the complex inhibited PS II by transforming the active reaction centers to silent reaction centers or "heat sinks". After 72 h this effect disappeared, probably 5:HPB was metabolized by the plant. Chlorophyll a fluorescence of Trifolium alexandrinum (clover) leaves was affected with 5:HPB at the level of PQ pool reduction. 5:HPB decreases the tomato and clover dry-biomass, without affecting Lolium perenne (grass) plants, suggesting that complex 5 acts as selective herbicide for dicotyledonous plants.
Asunto(s)
Diterpenos/farmacología , Herbicidas/farmacología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Spinacia oleracea/efectos de los fármacos , Biomasa , Clorofila/metabolismo , Clorofila A , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Ciclodextrinas/química , Ciclodextrinas/farmacología , Diterpenos/química , Herbicidas/química , Lolium/efectos de los fármacos , Lolium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lolium/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/química , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismo , Trifolium/efectos de los fármacos , Trifolium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Trifolium/metabolismoRESUMEN
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C26H30N2O3 {systematic name (S)-(+)-2-[cis-4-(benz-yloxy)cyclo-hexa-ne-carb-on-yl]-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexa-hydro-4H-pyrazino-[2,1-a]isoquin-olin-4-one}, consists of two independent mol-ecules in which the O= Camide group is syn to the N-C(C=Olactam) moiety, making dihedral angles of 2.0â (8) and 3.7â (8)°. The conformation of the 1,4-disubstituted cyclo-hexane ring is cis in each independent mol-ecule, with the carbonyl group occupying an equatorial position and the benz-yloxy group an axial position. In one mol-ecule, two C and one O atom of the benz-yloxy group are disordered over two sets of sites, with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.772â (8):0.228â (8). In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-Hâ¯O inter-actions, forming ribbons parallel to the b-axis direction.
RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed 47 plant species used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of dental diseases such as toothache, dental caries, periodontal disease and gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information was collected by performing interviews. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex; date and place of gathering information; pathology of persons interviewed; name of the drug (vernacular name); parts used (leaves, bark, fruits, seeds, aerial parts), mode of preparation and administration, and possible combinations. The inhibitory effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the medicinal plants detected during the survey the on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Phrophyromonas gingivalis were determined using microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined from the wells of microplate with no visible bacterial growth. RESULTS: In total, tree places of the Altiplane region of Mexico were visited and five healers and 100 patients were questioned. 47 wild and cultivated species were recorded. The most frequent uses were to treat tooth pain, gum diseases, bad breath and cavities. Infusions were the most frequently prepared formulation. Other applied preparations mentioned with decreasing frequency were decocts, syrups, tinctures, direct application of the plant material without prior preparation and finally macerations. The ethanolic extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Bursera simaruba, Cedrela odorata and Rhus standleyi (12.5-65.0 µg/mL) as well as water extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Amphipterygium adstringens, Argemone mexicana, Cedrela odorata, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Persea americana, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomun zeylanicum, Cnidoscolus multilobus and Rhus standleyi (10.5-78.0 µg/mL) showed the highest inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS: Many plants are used in the Mexican traditional medicine to treat oral bacterial diseases by the healers or patients. Our study demonstrated that most of the medicinal plants showed an antibacterial effect in vitro, and justified at least in part their use in traditional medicine. These results encourage further investigations to extract and identify the active chemical compounds responsible for the antibacterial effect observed.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales , Porphyromonas gingivalis/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Etnobotánica , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , México , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Enfermedades de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The n-hexane extract of S. salignus plants inhibited ATP synthesis and two sesquiterpenes, the ß-caryophyllene (1) and caryophyllene oxide (2) were isolated from this nonpolar fraction. Compound 1 inhibited by 42% the root elongation of Physalis ixocarpa seedlings at 50 µg/mL and by 53% at 150 µg/mL, whereas at 150 µg/mL this compound only inhibited root elongation of Echinochloa crus-galli by 30%. On the other hand, compound 2 had no effect on either germination or root and stem growth of E. cruss galli and P. ixocarpa. However, 1 and 2 inhibited the dry biomass of P. ixocarpa plants grown for 18 days previous to treatment and it was found that 1 was the most active biomass inhibitor. The Chl a fluorescence transient in vivo experiment indicates that 1 (100 µg/mL) has a major effect at 72 h after treatment on leaves of P. ixocarpa plants by inhibiting photosystem II (PS II) transforming active reaction centers to "heat sinks" or the formation of silent reaction centers unable to reduce Q(A). ß-Caryophyllene also induces chlorosis on treated leaves.
Asunto(s)
Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Senecio/química , Sesquiterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
From the roots of Iostephane heterophylla, six known compounds, namely, ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid (1), the mixture of ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (2) and ent-beyer-15-en-19-oic acid (3), xanthorrhizol (4), 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane (5) and 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaur-11-en-19-oic acid (6) were isolated using a bioassay-guided fractionation method. The known compounds (1-6) were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with reported values in the literature. In an attempt to increase the resultant antimicrobial activity of 1 and 4, a series of reactions was performed on ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid (1) and xanthorrhizol (4), to obtain derivatives 1a, 1b, and 4a-4d. All the isolated compounds (1-6) and the derivatives 1a, 1b, and 4a-4d were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against two oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with caries and periodontal disease, respectively. Compounds 1, 1b, 2+3, 4 and 4d inhibited the growth of S. mutans with concentrations ranging from 4.1 µg/mL to 70.5 µg/mL. No significant activity was found on P. gingivalis except for 4 with an MIC of 6.8 µg/mL. The ability of 1, 1b, 2+3, 4 and 4d to inhibit biofilm formation by S. mutans was evaluated. It was found that 1, 1b, 4 and 4d interfered with the establishment of S. mutans biofilms, inhibiting their development at 32.5, 125.0, 14.1 and 24.4 µg/mL, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Asteraceae/química , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Diterpenos/farmacología , Fenoles/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Caries Dental/tratamiento farmacológico , Caries Dental/microbiología , Diterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Diterpenos/uso terapéutico , Diterpenos de Tipo Kaurano/aislamiento & purificación , Diterpenos de Tipo Kaurano/farmacología , Diterpenos de Tipo Kaurano/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Periodontales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Periodontales/microbiología , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/uso terapéutico , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Raíces de Plantas/química , Porphyromonas gingivalis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Three compounds were isolated from Maytenus acanthophylla Reissek (Celastraceae): the pentacyclic triterpenes lup-20(29)-en-3ß-ol (lupeol, 1) and 3ß-lup-20(29)-en-3-yl acetate (2) and the carbohydrate 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexa-O-acetyldulcitol (3); lupeol was also isolated from Xylosma flexuosa. The compounds' structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. Compound 1 acts as an energy transfer inhibitor, interacting with isolated CF1 bound to thylakoid membrane, and dulcitol hexaacetate 3 behaves as a Hill reaction inhibitor and as an uncoupler, as determined by polarography. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence induction kinetics from the minimum yield F0 to the maximum yield F(M )provides information of the filling up from electrons coming from water to plastoquinone pool with reducing equivalents. In this paper we have examined the effects of compounds 1 and 3 on spinach leaf discs. Compound 1 induces the appearance of a K-band, which indicates that it inhibits the water splitting enzyme. In vivo assays measuring the fluorescence of chl a in P. ixocarpa leaves sprayed with compound 1, showed the appearance of the K-band and the PSII reaction centers was transformed to "heat sinks" or silent reaction centers unable to reduce Q(A). However, 3 also induced the appearance of a K band and a new band I appears in P. ixocarpa plants, therefore it inhibits at the water splitting enzyme complex and at the PQH2 site on b6f complex. Compounds 1 and 3 did not affect chlorophyll a fluorescence of L. perenne plants.
Asunto(s)
Galactitol/farmacología , Luz , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de la radiación , Triterpenos/farmacología , ATPasa de Ca(2+) y Mg(2+)/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Clorofila A , Transporte de Electrón/efectos de los fármacos , Transporte de Electrón/efectos de la radiación , Fluorescencia , Galactitol/química , Cinética , Maytenus/química , Paraquat/metabolismo , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/química , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/farmacología , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación/efectos de la radiación , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de la radiación , Spinacia oleracea/efectos de los fármacos , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/efectos de la radiación , Tilacoides/efectos de los fármacos , Tilacoides/enzimología , Tilacoides/efectos de la radiación , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
Through bioactivity-guided chemical analysis of Selaginella lepidophylla, biflavonoids robustaflavone (1), 2,3-dihydrorobustaflavone (2), and 2,3-dihydrorobustaflavone-5-methyl ether (3) were isolated and their structures confirmed by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. Their NMR resonances were unambiguously assigned from HMBC, NOESY, and NOESY-1D experiments, and absolute configurations of 2 and 3 were established. Compound 3 has not been reported, and although structure of 2 was described before, the (13)C NMR assignment does not correlate with the structure reported. Therefore, this is the first report of 2. All compounds inhibited ATP production. Compounds 1 and 2 behaved as Hill reaction inhibitors. 1 interacted with photosystem II, transforming the reaction centers to silent centers at 300 and 600 microM. The interaction and inhibition target of 2 was located on Cyt b6f to PC. The three compounds also behaved as energy transfer inhibitors, 3 being the most active.
Asunto(s)
Biflavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Biflavonoides/farmacología , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Selaginellaceae/química , Spinacia oleracea/ultraestructura , Biflavonoides/química , ATPasa de Ca(2+) y Mg(2+)/antagonistas & inhibidores , Cloroplastos/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Roots of Iostephane heterophylla (Cav.) Benth ex Hemsl are used mainly in Mexican traditional medicine to heal skin problems. The development of a column high-performance liquid chromatography (LC)-UV detector method for the determination of xanthorrhizol, the major and active component of the roots of I. heterophylla, is described in this paper. The content of this compound was quantitatively determined employing a Symmetry C18 5 microm particle size column with the isocratic mobile phase acetonitrile-water (85 + 15). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection was at 230 nm. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.2 and 0.5 microg/mL, respectively. Quantities of xanthorrhizol measured by this method ranged between 1.8 to 10.94 mg/g of root of the plant in 11 different samples of I. heterophylla. Xanthorrhizol was not detected in a sample of I. madrensis, so xanthorrhizol could be used as a marker compound of I. heterophylla. The LC method described here was shown to be reliable, reproducible, and accurate.
Asunto(s)
Asteraceae/metabolismo , Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Fenoles/análisis , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Calibración , Cromatografía de Gases , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida , Medicina Tradicional , Modelos Químicos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta/métodos , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
In our search for new natural photosynthetic inhibitors that could lead to the development of "green herbicides" less toxic to environment, the diterpene labdane-8alpha,15-diol (1) and its acetyl derivative (2) were isolated for the first time from Croton ciliatoglanduliferus Ort. They inhibited photophosphorylation, electron transport (basal, phosphorylating and uncoupled) and the partial reactions of both photosystems in spinach thylakoids. Compound 1 inhibits the photosystem II (PS II) partial reaction from water to Na(+) Silicomolibdate (SiMo) and has no effect on partial reaction from diphenylcarbazide (DPC) to 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP), therefore 1 inhibits at the water splitting enzyme and also inhibits PS I partial reaction from reduced phenylmetasulfate (PMS) to methylviologen (MV). Thus, it also inhibits in the span of P(700) to Iron sulfur center X (F(X)). Compound 2 inhibits both, the PS II partial reactions from water to SiMo and from DPC to DCPIP; besides this, it inhibits the photosystem I (PS I) partial reaction from reduced PMS to MV. With these results, we concluded that the targets of the natural product 2 are located at the water splitting enzyme, and at P(680) in PS II and at the span of P(700) to F(X) in PS I. The results of compounds 1 and 2 on PS II were corroborated by chlorophyll a fluorescence.
Asunto(s)
Croton/química , Diterpenos/farmacología , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema I/antagonistas & inhibidores , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Clorofila/química , Clorofila A , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Transporte de Electrón/efectos de los fármacos , Fotofosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Spinacia oleracea/efectos de los fármacos , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismo , Tilacoides/efectos de los fármacos , Tilacoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
A bioactivity-guided chemical study of aerial parts of Croton ciliatoglanduliferus Ort. led to the isolation for the first time of the flavonoids retusin (5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone) (1) and pachypodol (5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone) (2) from the n-hexane extract. Compounds 1 and 2 were separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Compound 2 was the most active compound on ATP synthesis inhibition. The I50 value was 51 microM. Pachypodol behaves as a Hill reaction inhibitor. It inhibited the uncoupled electron flow on photosystem II partial reaction from water to dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) and from water to sodium silicomolybdate. However, the uncoupled partial reaction from diphenylcarbazide to DCPIP and the uncoupled photosystem I from DCPIPred to MV were not inhibited by 2. These results were corroborated by fluorescence decay data. Therefore, pachypodol inhibits the water-splitting enzyme activity. Compound 1 with a 4'-methoxy group was a weak inhibitor, indicating that the 4' free -OH group is important for strong inhibition.
Asunto(s)
Croton/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Tilacoides/química , Agua/química , 2,6-Dicloroindofenol/química , Adenosina Trifosfato/biosíntesis , Clorofila/química , Clorofila A , Fluorescencia , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hojas de la Planta/química , Quercetina/aislamiento & purificación , Quercetina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The presence of heavy metals in the sludges produced in wastewater treatment restricts plants growth and hence their use for agricultural purposes. This study looks at different types of sludges (aerobic, anaerobic, unstabilised and sludge from a waste stabilisation pond) and compares the distribution of the heavy metals that they contain according to the treatment that they have undergone. The sewage sludges were subjected to chemical characterisation and phytotoxicity testing (in absence of substrate) to provide a preliminary assessment of their suitability for land application. In addition, the total quantity of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Ni, Na, Pb and Zn) was determined. The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) method for heavy metal speciation was followed. It was confirmed that the total concentration of heavy metals did not exceed the limits set out by European legislation and that the stabilisation treatment undergone by the sludges strongly influenced the heavy metal distribution and the phases to which they were associated. The sludge extracts did not exert any significant adverse effect on the relative seed germination (RSG) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or cress (Lepidium sativum L.), although the reduction in germination index (GI) indicates that some characteristics existed did have an adverse effect on root growth.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados/análisis , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Bioensayo/métodos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Hordeum/efectos de los fármacos , Hordeum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lepidium sativum/efectos de los fármacos , Lepidium sativum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
In isolated spinach chloroplasts, low concentrations (I(50)=14 microM) of methyl trachyloban-19-oate ester inhibited ATP synthesis and coupled electron transport as well as light-activated membrane-bound Mg(2+)-ATPase activity. Basal (-Pi) and uncoupled electron transport and heat-activated Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity of isolated coupling factor proteins were unaffected by methyl trachyloban-19-oate. Thylakoids partially stripped of coupled factor by EDTA were unable to accumulate protons in the light. However, increasing concentrations of methyl trachyloban-19-oate ester restored this ability. It is concluded that the methyl trachyloban-19-oate ester effects result from blocking proton transport through the CF(0) channel. Methyl trachyloban-19-oate ester exhibited non-competitive kinetics with DCCD and triphenyltin. These results suggest that the natural products, DCCD and triphenyltin, access inhibition sites in CF(0). The K(i) is 75 microM.
Asunto(s)
ATPasas de Translocación de Protón de Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Diterpenos/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismo , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón de Cloroplastos/química , Cloroplastos/química , Diciclohexilcarbodiimida/química , Diciclohexilcarbodiimida/metabolismo , Diterpenos/química , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/química , Compuestos Orgánicos de Estaño/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/químicaRESUMEN
El trabajo se realizó en el Rancho "La Palma", ubicado en el municipio de Coacalco, Estado de México. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de un probiótico comercial sobre la presentación de diarreas en becerros. Se utilizaron 36 becerras de 36.6 kg de peso vivo en promedio. Los tratamientos fueron cuatro y consistieron en un tratamiento para el grupo testigo y tres diferentes concentraciones de probiótico (tratamiento testigo 1); tratamiento 2 con 0.5 X 10 a la septima de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) de lactobacilos; tratamiento 3 con 1 X 10 a la septima UFC; tratamiento 4 con 1.5 X 10 a la septima UFC; cada tratamiento tuvo 9 repeticiones; los parámetros a evaluar fueron: presentación de diarreas y la ganancia de peso durante la etapa de la lactancia. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas para peso y diarrea, aunque se observó un efecto lineal significativo para diarreas