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Despite previous reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats worldwide, the type of swab sample used for its detection through RT-qPCR needs to be better compared and described. Accordingly, as part of a multicenter study in Brazil, the aim of the present study was to assess which rectal or oropharyngeal swabs would be more appropriate for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs, through viral load comparison. Pets of owners diagnosed with COVID-19 in the last 7 days were eligible. A total of 148 animals from four of the five Brazilian geographical regions were analyzed, among which 10/48 cats (20.83%) and 11/100 dogs (11.00%) were positive. The results suggested that oropharyngeal swabs should be considered for SARS-CoV-2 detection, particularly in cats, due to the higher cDNA viral load. Also, the genomic results showed similarities between SARS-CoV-2 animal variants and human variants that were circulating at the time of sampling, thus corroborating the existence of zooanthroponotic transmission. In conclusion, the present study highlighted the importance of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring among cats and dogs, as virus modification may indicate the possibility of mutations in animals and spillover back to owners. Thus, positive individuals should always self-isolate from their pets during COVID-19, to prevent trans-species transmission and mutation.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite worldwide case reports, including Brazilian cases, no frequency study on infection of pets by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been conducted to date in Brazil. Accordingly, the present study was aimed to assess dogs and cats belonging to positive owners in Recife, Northeastern Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a longitudinal prospective study on dogs and cats in the city of Recife whose owners were in isolation at home due to a confirmed laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 through reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Oral and rectal swabs from the pets were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific RNA by means of RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Among the pets tested, 0/16 dogs and 2/15 cats were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, the two positive cats were owned by two unrelated asymptomatic veterinary students, which, therefore, post a warning to veterinarians worldwide. CONCLUSION: The findings herein indicate that cats may act as sentinels for human cases, particularly sharing households with asymptomatic human cases. Although with small sampling and convenient recruiting, the presence of infected cats by SARS-CoV-2 was most likely due to close cat-human contact with positive owners, posting a human-animal health threat when pets share the same bed and interact with owners without protection, particularly during owner self-isolation. Thus, infected owners should follow the same human preventive guidelines with their pets to avoid spreading infection.

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A doença renal crônica (DRC) é definida como o comprometimento estrutural e/ou funcional de um ou ambos os rins por mais de três meses que resulta na perda irreversível das funções renais. A International Renal Interest Society (Iris ) classificou a DRC em quatro estágios, de acordo com a concentração sérica de creatinina e de dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA), além do subestagiamento realizado a partir dos valores da relação proteina/creatinina urinária (RPC) e da pressão arterial sistêmica (PAS). Neste estudo foram avaliados de modo retrospectivo 117 animais doentes renais crônicos, sendo 50 cães e 67 gatos com DRC. Desse total, 81 animais foram classificados de acordo com o estágio da DRC, sendo 39,5% de cães (n = 32) e 60,5% de gatos (n = 49). Desses, 12,4% corresponderam a cães (n = 10) no estágio 1; 4,9% (n = 4) no estágio 2; 8,7% (n = 7) no estágio 3; e 13,6% (n = 11) no estágio 4; enquanto 9,8% (n = 8) dos gatos foram classificados no estágio 1; 22,2% (n = 18) no estágio 2; 16% (n = 13) no estágio 3; e 12,4% (n = 10) no estágio 4.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the structural and/or functional impairment of one or both kidneys of 3 or more months duration, and resulting in irreversible loss of renal functions. The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classifies CKD into 4 stages according to levels of serum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), Urinary protein/creatinine ratio and systemic arterial pressure are subcriteria used in stating the disease. We reviewed the records of 50 dogs and 67 cats diagnosed with CKD. The staging criteria was recorded in 39.5% of the dogs (n = 32), and 60.5% of the cats (n = 49). Stage 1 CKD was diagnosed in 10 dogs (12.4%), while stage 2, 3, and 4 were diagnosed in respectively 4 (4.9%), 7 (8.7%), and 11 (13.6%) of the dogs. In cats, Stage 1 CKD was diagnosed in 8 (9.8%), and stages 2, 3, and 4 were diagnosed in respectively 18 (22.2%), 13 (16%), and 10 (12,4%) of the cats.

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) puede ser definida como una alteración estructural y funcional de uno o ambos riñones que se extiende por más de tres meses, y que provoca la pérdida irreversible de la función renal. La International Renal Interest Society (Iris) estableció una clasificación de la ERC en cuatro estadios, sobre la base de la concentración de creatinina y de dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA), además de subclasificación a partir de los valores de la relación proteina/creatinina urinaria (RPC) y la presión arterial sistémica (PAS). En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con 117 animales con enfermedad renal crónica, de los cuales 50 fueron perros y 67 gatos. De esos animales, 81 pudieron ser clasificados de acuerdo al estadio de la ERC, en donde se comprobó que el 39,5% eran perros (n = 32) y el 60,5% eran gatos (n = 49). De estos animales, el 12,4% fueron perros (n = 10) en estadio 1; 4,9% (n = 4) en estadio 2; 8,7% (n = 7) en estadio 3; y 13,6% (n = 11) en estadio 4. El 9,8% (n = 8) de los gatos fueron clasificados en estadio 1; 22,2% (n = 18) en estadio 2; 16% (n = 13) en estadio 3; y 12,4% (n = 10) en estadio 4

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A doença renal crônica (DRC) é definida como o comprometimento estrutural e/ou funcional de um ou ambos os rins por mais de três meses que resulta na perda irreversível das funções renais. A International Renal Interest Society (Iris ) classificou a DRC em quatro estágios, de acordo com a concentração sérica de creatinina e de dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA), além do subestagiamento realizado a partir dos valores da relação proteina/creatinina urinária (RPC) e da pressão arterial sistêmica (PAS). Neste estudo foram avaliados de modo retrospectivo 117 animais doentes renais crônicos, sendo 50 cães e 67 gatos com DRC. Desse total, 81 animais foram classificados de acordo com o estágio da DRC, sendo 39,5% de cães (n = 32) e 60,5% de gatos (n = 49). Desses, 12,4% corresponderam a cães (n = 10) no estágio 1; 4,9% (n = 4) no estágio 2; 8,7% (n = 7) no estágio 3; e 13,6% (n = 11) no estágio 4; enquanto 9,8% (n = 8) dos gatos foram classificados no estágio 1; 22,2% (n = 18) no estágio 2; 16% (n = 13) no estágio 3; e 12,4% (n = 10) no estágio 4.(AU)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the structural and/or functional impairment of one or both kidneys of 3 or more months duration, and resulting in irreversible loss of renal functions. The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classifies CKD into 4 stages according to levels of serum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), Urinary protein/creatinine ratio and systemic arterial pressure are subcriteria used in stating the disease. We reviewed the records of 50 dogs and 67 cats diagnosed with CKD. The staging criteria was recorded in 39.5% of the dogs (n = 32), and 60.5% of the cats (n = 49). Stage 1 CKD was diagnosed in 10 dogs (12.4%), while stage 2, 3, and 4 were diagnosed in respectively 4 (4.9%), 7 (8.7%), and 11 (13.6%) of the dogs. In cats, Stage 1 CKD was diagnosed in 8 (9.8%), and stages 2, 3, and 4 were diagnosed in respectively 18 (22.2%), 13 (16%), and 10 (12,4%) of the cats.(AU)

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) puede ser definida como una alteración estructural y funcional de uno o ambos riñones que se extiende por más de tres meses, y que provoca la pérdida irreversible de la función renal. La International Renal Interest Society (Iris) estableció una clasificación de la ERC en cuatro estadios, sobre la base de la concentración de creatinina y de dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA), además de subclasificación a partir de los valores de la relación proteina/creatinina urinaria (RPC) y la presión arterial sistémica (PAS). En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con 117 animales con enfermedad renal crónica, de los cuales 50 fueron perros y 67 gatos. De esos animales, 81 pudieron ser clasificados de acuerdo al estadio de la ERC, en donde se comprobó que el 39,5% eran perros (n = 32) y el 60,5% eran gatos (n = 49). De estos animales, el 12,4% fueron perros (n = 10) en estadio 1; 4,9% (n = 4) en estadio 2; 8,7% (n = 7) en estadio 3; y 13,6% (n = 11) en estadio 4. El 9,8% (n = 8) de los gatos fueron clasificados en estadio 1; 22,2% (n = 18) en estadio 2; 16% (n = 13) en estadio 3; y 12,4% (n = 10) en estadio 4(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of successive bovine testicular punctures using different needle sizes. Fifteen bulls were submitted to testicular needle aspiration (TNA) in the left and right testis using 18-gauge (40×12mm) or 22-gauge (25×7mm) needles, respectively, once every 30 days. Animals were randomly divided into three groups, which were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy two days after the last puncture. Group 1 (G1): only one puncture (n=5); Group 2 (G2): three consecutive punctures in a period of three months (n=5); Group 3 (G3): six consecutive punctures in a period of 6 months (n=5). Fragments from the medial portion of the testicular parenchyma were excised and fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological analysis. No differences were observed in the percentage of seminiferous tubules degeneration between G1, G2 and G3 (P>0.05). Higher amounts of erythrocyte were found in G1 and G2 groups compared to G3, in the intra- and intertubular tissue (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the needle gauge and the occurrence of testicular damage in animals submitted to one (G1) or three (G2) punctures. However, a higher percentage of tubular degeneration was associated to 18-gauge compared to 22-gauge fine needles in G3. In conclusion, multiple testicular needle aspiration can be safely conducted using fine needles. Large needles are recommended only for a single TNA, since multiple punctures may result in increased tubular degeneration and compromise testicular architecture and functionality.

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of successive bovine testicular punctures using different needle sizes. Fifteen bulls were submitted to testicular needle aspiration (TNA) in the left and right testis using 18-gauge (40×12mm) or 22-gauge (25×7mm) needles, respectively, once every 30 days. Animals were randomly divided into three groups, which were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy two days after the last puncture. Group 1 (G1): only one puncture (n=5); Group 2 (G2): three consecutive punctures in a period of three months (n=5); Group 3 (G3): six consecutive punctures in a period of 6 months (n=5). Fragments from the medial portion of the testicular parenchyma were excised and fixed in Bouin’s fluid for histological analysis. No differences were observed in the percentage of seminiferous tubules degeneration between G1, G2 and G3 (P>0.05). Higher amounts of erythrocyte were found in G1 and G2 groups compared to G3, in the intra- and intertubular tissue (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the needle gauge and the occurrence of testicular damage in animals submitted to one (G1) or three (G2) punctures. However, a higher percentage of tubular degeneration was associated to 18-gauge compared to 22-gauge fine needles in G3. In conclusion, multiple testicular needle aspiration can be safely conducted using fine needles. Large needles are recommended only for a single TNA, since multiple punctures may result in increased tubular degeneration and compromise testicular architecture and functionality.

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RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of successive bovine testicular punctures using different needle sizes. Fifteen bulls were submitted to testicular needle aspiration (TNA) in the left and right testis using 18-gauge (40×12mm) or 22-gauge (25×7mm) needles, respectively, once every 30 days. Animals were randomly divided into three groups, which were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy two days after the last puncture. Group 1 (G1): only one puncture (n=5); Group 2 (G2): three consecutive punctures in a period of three months (n=5); Group 3 (G3): six consecutive punctures in a period of 6 months (n=5). Fragments from the medial portion of the testicular parenchyma were excised and fixed in Bouins fluid for histological analysis. No differences were observed in the percentage of seminiferous tubules degeneration between G1, G2 and G3 (P>0.05). Higher amounts of erythrocyte were found in G1 and G2 groups compared to G3, in the intra- and intertubular tissue (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the needle gauge and the occurrence of testicular damage in animals submitted to one (G1) or three (G2) punctures. However, a higher percentage of tubular degeneration was associated to 18-gauge compared to 22-gauge fine needles in G3. In conclusion, multiple testicular needle aspiration can be safely conducted using fine needles. Large needles are recommended only for a single TNA, since multiple punctures may result in increased tubular degeneration and compromise testicular architecture and functionality.(AU)

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