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Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a relatively common pathology usually presenting with unilateral radiculopathy ipsilateral to the disc herniation. Some patients can present with contralateral radicular symptoms. The objective of this article is to review the current literature on lumbar disc herniations with contralateral radiculopathy regarding its pathophysiology and surgical strategies. A systematic review of the literature on LDH with contralateral radiculopathy was performed using MEDLINE (via PubMed) using MeSH terms. This review was done following recommendations of PRISMA statement and PICOT strategy of search. Initial electronic search identified 126 papers. Finally, 18 articles were reviewed. None of the included papers was described as comparative. Pathophysiological processes underlying contralateral pain may include prominent spondylotic changes and the accompanying stenosis; hypertrophic yellow ligament; dural attachments along the posterior longitudinal ligament; nerve root traction forces; and friction radiculitis, migrated epidural fat, nerve root anomaly, and venous congestion inside the vertebral canal. In our pooled analysis, 11 patients reported were treated by bilateral approach with 100% of clinical success and no complications. Eight patients were treated by unilateral approach ipsilateral to pain with 100% of clinical success and no complications. Forty-eight patients were treated by unilateral approach ipsilateral to herniation with 100% of clinical success and no complications. Pathophysiology underlying contralateral pain in LDH is probably multifactorial. There is not enough scientific evidence to define the best surgical approach for patients with LDH and contralateral pain.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Non-trunk basilar artery perforator aneurysms (BAPAs) are rare intracranial vascular pathologies that have long been underdiagnosed, under-reported, and under-analyzed. We performed a systematic review of the efficacy and safety endpoints between conservative and active treatment approaches for non-trunk BAPAs. METHODS: Major databases were analyzed for relevant publications between 1995 and 2019. Studies comparing the outcomes between conservative and active treatment approaches such as coiling, stenting, clipping, liquid embolization, and flow diversion were included. Mortality rate, rate of permanent neurological deficit as determined by the modified Rankin Score (mRS), rate of second treatment occurrence, and perioperative complication rate were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 24 studies, including 54 patients with 56 non-trunk BAPAs, were included. The mean maximum aneurysm diameter was 2.70 mm (range 1-10). A diagnosis was achieved with the initial DSA in 50.0% (27/54) of the patients. A conservative approach was used in 16 patients while active treatment was used in the other 38. Thirteen of 15 (86.7%) patients in the conservative group and 27/34 (79.4%) in the active treatment group had an mRS score 0-2. A non-significant higher odds of a positive outcome was observed in the conservative group (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.50 to 4.54). The event-related mortality rate was 3.55% (3/54) with one procedure-related death in the active treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with non-trunk BAPAs unamenable to active treatment, conservative approaches may result in acceptable functional outcomes and low morbidity. Small sample sizes and under-reporting of outcomes warrant further study.

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We present a previously unreported case of endovascular therapy in the acute setting of ischaemic stroke in a patient with bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO). A 54-year-old man presents with sudden onset of right-sided weakness, difficulty speaking and left-sided gaze, with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 22 and no abnormalities on plain CT head. CT angiography showed BCO and CT perfusion demonstrated extensive area of penumbra in both hemispheres. The patient was sent for cerebral angiography that confirmed BCO. Since symptomatology was a left middle cerebral arteries syndrome, decision was made to angioplasty and stent the left internal carotid artery emergently, which was performed successfully and the patient had complete resolution of symptoms. Acute stroke with BCO represents a challenge in decision making regarding acute management and individual assessment must be made.

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BACKGROUND: Most cases of vertebral artery stenosis are treated either conservatively or surgically. When non-conservative treatment is chosen, whether to treat it with open surgery or endovascular intervention remains a topic of divergence. In the setting of endovascular therapy failure, the vertebral to common carotid artery transposition certainly is an appropriate choice to recover the posterior circulation. Like any other open surgery, it is not devoid of soft-tissue-related complications. A pseudoaneurysm following this procedure and at this particular location is a rare but lethal complication and, to the best of our knowledge, has not yet been reported. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the case of an 80-year-old man with previous ischemic stroke who presented to the emergency department with aphasia, right-sided weakness, and dysarthria. Invasive imaging revealed right vertebral stenosis and hypoplastic left vertebral artery that failed endovascular therapy. The patient was then treated with a right vertebral to common carotid artery transposition. During follow-up, a pseudoaneurysm was found and treated with a stent-assisted coiling. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoaneurysms at the extracranial carotid and vertebral circulation are rare and have potential for deadly outcomes. Despite several treatments available, this anatomical location requires endovascular therapy due to efficacy and promptitude of this treatment. This is an interesting case where the patient's management required open and endovascular procedures. The pseudoaneurysm was a rare complication that, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been reported. This case is an illustration of complementary work between open surgery and endovascular intervention.

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BACKGROUND: A cardiac myxoma (CM) is the most common primary tumor of the heart. This case report highlights that for metastatic CMs, even after a successful total resection, there is a small but real risk of recurrence that can manifest as late as 10 years after initial tumor resection. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the case of a 53-year-old woman who visited the emergency room after a 4-day worsening right-sided weakness. The patient was diagnosed with a left CM 10 years previously, and a complete surgical resection was performed at that time. A noncontrast computed tomography of the head revealed a left parietal hematoma and a contrast computed tomography scan of the head revealed an enlarged left parieto-occipital vein that was subsequently shown to be part of an arteriovenous fistula. After embolization of the fistula was performed, postprocedure magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed redemonstration of acute intraparenchymal hemorrhage with vasogenic edema. The history of a previously resected CM and the multifocal distribution of brain lesions opened the possibility of slow-growing metastasis from the previous myxoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our case report demonstrates the metastatic nature of CMs to the central nervous system, even after successful gross total resection and no local relapsing mass in subsequent ultrasonographic follow-ups. A comprehensive evaluation on clinical and imagological grounds is mandatory to rule out the presence of myxomatous metastatic disease. Awareness and recognition of the potential neurologic manifestations of a metastatic CM will prevent unnecessary diagnostic workup and treatments.

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BACKGROUND: Intracranial vascular infections of fungal etiology are extremely rare. Most cases occur in immunocompromised patients with invasive fungal disease, most commonly originating in the paranasal sinuses or the lungs. Granulomatous invasive rhinosinusitis, which is extremely rare in North America, has been reported to affect immunocompetent patients in most cases, and its causative strain has potential to invade the intracranial arteries. We present a rare case of basilar artery rupture and infarction secondary to granulomatous invasive rhinosinusitis. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 50-year-old man in Florida presented with ischemic symptoms and a 6-month history of headache, dizziness, and falls. After biopsy, the patient developed subarachnoid hemorrhage and thrombosis. Several thrombectomy attempts were performed, resulting in persistent occlusion of the basilar artery and subsequent comatous state. After discussion with the patient's family, compassionate weaning and autopsy were authorized. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is more frequent nowadays owing to increased use of immunosuppressive therapies. However, it is still a disease that mostly affects immunocompromised patients. The development of new microbiologic investigation techniques has enabled the discovery of fungal diseases that can also affect immunocompetent hosts, such as granulomatous invasive rhinosinusitis. This is an extremely rare condition in North America, with very few cases documented in the last few decades.

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BACKGROUND: Bifurcation aneurysms can be treated with stent-assisted coiling using two stents in a Y-configuration. We aim to investigate the angiographic and clinical outcomes of Y-stent constructs for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Ovid EMBASE databases was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. The study selection was performed using the 'Ryyan' application. Our analysis included 18 studies with 327 patients. Inclusion criteria were: articles published from January 2000 to November 2017, English language, including cerebral aneurysms treated via Y-stenting, and ≥5 cases with radiographic/clinical outcomes. Technical notes, editorials, reviews, and animal studies were excluded. A random-effect meta-analysis was performed on angiographic and clinical outcomes, including aneurysm occlusion, modified Rankin Scale, neurological outcome, and procedure-related mortality. 95% CIs and event rates were estimated. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. RESULTS: The procedure-related good outcome rate was 92% and complete occlusion rate was 91%. The permanent neurological deficit rate was 4% and procedure-related mortality was 2%. The procedure-related stroke rate was 12%. A total of 28/146 (19%) patients had ruptured aneurysms. At long-term follow-up, overall stroke rate was 9% in patients with unruptured aneurysm. The mortality rate was higher in cases with ruptured aneurysms than in those with unruptured aneurysms (18% vs 0.8%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Y-stenting for bifurcation aneurysms yields a high rate of complete occlusion and low rates of mortality and stroke. Careful patient selection is needed.

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BACKGROUND: Treatment of acute cerebrovascular pathology, such as acute ischemic stroke or intracranial aneurysms, presents a challenge if an extracranial or intracranial stent is required; immediate platelet inhibition is vital. To date, there is no standardized approach for antiplatelet inhibition in an acute setting. OBJECTIVE: To report our preliminary experience and lessons learnt using cangrelor in acute neurointervention. METHODS: A single-arm pilot study was performed to assess the safety and efficacy of cangrelor plus aspirin for platelet inhibition in patients who require acute stenting in the setting of neuroendovascular treatment. RESULTS: Eight patients were enrolled between October 2017 and August 2018. Median age was 71 years (53-86). Seven patients were treated in an acute setting according to the stroke protocol at our institution, while one patient was treated for a symptomatic, unruptured aneurysm with flow diversion and coiling. At admission, the median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score for the patients with stroke was 12.5 (range 2-22.3). Cangrelor was infused and all patients achieved adequate platelet inhibition (<200 PRU (P2Y12 reaction units)). Six of seven patients with ischemic stroke had a carotid stent placed and one had an intracranial stent deployed in the middle cerebral artery. None of the patients experienced intraprocedural thromboembolic complications, intraprocedural in-stent thrombosis, hemorrhagic complications, or stroke within 24 hours after the intervention. The majority of patients (6/8) had a good clinical outcome at discharge (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that cangrelor is a promising alternative in acute stenting for the treatment of cerebrovascular pathology. However, further studies with larger samples are required to accurately elucidate its safety and effectiveness in neuroendovascular procedures.

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BACKGROUND: The optimal management of intracranial arterial stenosis is unclear, particularly in patients who have failed medical management. We report a multicenter real-world experience of endovascular recanalization of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis refractory to aggressive medical therapy. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter case series of consecutive endovascularly treated patients presenting with symptomatic (transient ischemic attack [TIA] or stroke) intracranial stenosis who had failed medical therapy. Patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with recurrent TIA or stroke despite medical management (group 1) versus patients presenting with a stroke and worsening symptoms (progressive or crescendo stroke) despite medical management (group 2). RESULTS: A total of 101 patients were treated in 8 stroke centers from August 2009 to May 2017. Sixty-nine presented with recurrent TIA or stroke and 32 with stroke and worsening symptoms. Successful recanalization was achieved in 84% of patients. Periprocedural stroke occurred in 3 patients and 2 had a recurrent ischemic stroke at the 90-day follow-up. Symptomatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage secondary to reperfusion injury occurred in 3 patients and 1 had a hemorrhagic stroke after discharge. There were 2 periprocedural perforations that resulted in death. At 90 days, 86% of patients (64/74) did not have a recurrence of stroke and the 90-day cumulative ischemic stroke rate was 6.7% with 90-day mortality of 11.2%. The 90-day favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, ≤2) rate was 77.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular recanalization of unstable intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in patients who have failed medical therapy is feasible. Future randomized trials need to determine if recanalization is of any value for this population.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case of 60-year-old woman with idiopathic syringomyelia and progressive myelopathy by dorsal arachnoid web is discussed. One focal indentation along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord at the T3 vertebral body level revealed the scalpel sign, a radiologic entity diagnostic of a dorsal thoracic arachnoid web. RESULTS: T2-T3 laminectomy for the resection of dorsal arachnoid band was performed. Careful sectioning of the web resulted in visual apparent relief of the compression and good functional recovery. CONCLUSION: In patients with presumed idiopathic syringomyelia, imaging studies should be closely inspected for the presence of transverse arachnoid web. This extramedullary transverse band of arachnoid tissue extends to dorsal surface of the spinal cord, resulting in mass effect and dorsal indentation, known as scalpel sign because of its apparent resemblance to a scalpel on sagittal imaging. Early diagnosis with early intervention may benefit greatly patients. Surgical resection of transverse arachnoid web is a minimally invasive procedure with low morbidity, and can result in resolution of syringomyelia and improvement in neurological function.

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Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a bone disorder that can lead to skull base deformities such as basilar invagination, which can cause compression of cranial nerves, including the trigeminal nerve. Trigeminal neuralgia in such cases remains a challenge, given distorted anatomy and deformities. We present an alternative option, consisting in cannulation of the foramen ovale and classical percutaneous treatment. Percutaneous balloon microcompression was performed in a 28 year-old woman with OI and severe trigeminal neuralgia using computed tomography (CT) and radiographic-guided cannulation of the Gasserian ganglion without neuronavigation or stereotactic devices. The patient developed hypoesthesia on the left V1, V2 and V3 segments with good pain control. This alternative technique with a CT-guided puncture, using angiosuite without the need of any Mayfield clamp, neuronavigation systems, frame or frameless stereotactic devices can be a useful, safe and efficient alternative for patients with trigeminal neuralgia with other bone deforming diseases that severely affect the skull base.

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Summary Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a bone disorder that can lead to skull base deformities such as basilar invagination, which can cause compression of cranial nerves, including the trigeminal nerve. Trigeminal neuralgia in such cases remains a challenge, given distorted anatomy and deformities. We present an alternative option, consisting in cannulation of the foramen ovale and classical percutaneous treatment. Percutaneous balloon microcompression was performed in a 28 year-old woman with OI and severe trigeminal neuralgia using computed tomography (CT) and radiographic-guided cannulation of the Gasserian ganglion without neuronavigation or stereotactic devices. The patient developed hypoesthesia on the left V1, V2 and V3 segments with good pain control. This alternative technique with a CT-guided puncture, using angiosuite without the need of any Mayfield clamp, neuronavigation systems, frame or frameless stereotactic devices can be a useful, safe and efficient alternative for patients with trigeminal neuralgia with other bone deforming diseases that severely affect the skull base.

Resumo Osteogênese imperfeita (OI) é uma doença óssea que pode levar a deformidades de base de crânio, como invaginação basilar que pode provocar compressão de nervo craniano, incluindo o nervo trigêmeo. Nestes casos, a neuralgia do trigêmeo permanece como um desafio, pela anatomia distorcida e pelas deformidades. Apresentamos uma alternativa que consiste na canulação do forame oval e no tratamento percutâneo clássico. A microcompressão percutânea por balão foi realizada em uma paciente de 28 anos apresentando OI e grave neuralgia do trigêmeo, sendo realizadas tomografia computadorizada (CT) e canulação guiadas do gânglio gasseriano sem neuronavegação ou dispositivos estereotáxicos. A paciente apresentou hipoestesia à esquerda dos segmentos V1, V2 e V3, com bom controle da dor. Essa técnica alternativa com punção orientada por CT utilizando o angiosuite sem a necessidade de qualquer grampo de Mayfield, sistemas de neuronavegação, ou dispositivos com ou sem arcos estereotáxicos, pode ser uma opção útil, segura e eficiente para pacientes com neuralgia do trigêmeo cursando com outras doenças deformativas que afetem a base craniana de modo grave.

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METHODS: 3D biomodels were printed with flexible material (elastomer) using angiotomographic DICOM acquired images and compared to 3D digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. RESULTS: 3D biomodels represented the aneurysm angioarchitecture exactly, especially the neck and domus features. CONCLUSION: Elastomers 3D biomodels proved to be a trustworthy representation of the angiotomographic images and could be used to help surgical planning in IA treatment.

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ABSTRACT Intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture is responsible for 80% of spontaneous arachnoid hemorrhages and associated with an extremely high mortality rate. Two possible surgical interventions are endovascular embolization and microsurgical clipping. Three-dimensional (3D) prototyping models help in surgical planning minimizing perioperative risks in both methods and reducing operating time. Methods 3D biomodels were printed with flexible material (elastomer) using angiotomographic DICOM acquired images and compared to 3D digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. Results 3D biomodels represented the aneurysm angioarchitecture exactly, especially the neck and domus features. Conclusion Elastomers 3D biomodels proved to be a trustworthy representation of the angiotomographic images and could be used to help surgical planning in IA treatment.

RESUMO A ruptura dos aneurismas intracranianos é responsável por 80% das hemorragias subaracnóideas espontâneas e está associada a uma taxa de mortalidade extremamente alta. Duas intervenções cirúrgicas viáveis são embolização endovascular e clipagem microcirúrgica. Os modelos de prototipagem tridimensional (3D) auxiliam no planejamento cirúrgico e na diminuição dos riscos intra-operatórios nos dois procedimentos e redução do tempo da cirurgia. Métodos Foram impressos biomodelos em 3D com material flexível (elastômero) utilizando imagens DICOM de angiotomografia e comparados com imagens de angiografia por subtração digital em 3D (DAS). Resultados Biomodelos em 3D representam com exatidão a angioarquitetura do aneurisma, particularmente os detalhes do colo e domus. Conclusão Biomodelos em 3D com elastômeros mostraram ser uma representação confiável das imagens angiotomográficas, podendo ser utilizados no planejamento cirúrgico no tratamento de IA.

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