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Background: Sodium hypochlorite serves as the most efficient root canal irrigating fluid. Objectives: This study's goal was to assess the replenished NaOCl's capacity to dissolve the tissue of pulp when combined with 9% tetrasodic etidronate (Na4HEBP), 18% tetrasodic etidronate (Na4HEBP), and 17% disodic ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA) under continuous controlled administration. Materials and Methods: Hundred and twenty complete undamaged teeth of the anterior mandible extracted due to periodontal problems within forty-eight hours were taken as a source of the pulp tissue. Results: It was found that there was a decrease in the weight of pulp tissue in all groups except negative control. Conclusion: NaOCl's potential to dissolve tissue with chelating agents like EDTA and HEBP inside the root canal was unaffected when there was controlled administration of EDTA and HEBP.

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Evaluation and comparison of natural products like triphala, eucalyptus and carvacol with conventional root canal irrigant such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) and Chlorhexidine against persistent root canal pathogens like E. faecalis is of interest. Samples were taken both before irrigation as well as after irrigation. CFU was counted after the plates had been incubated overnight at temperature of 37°C overnight. The herbal products showed antibacterial effectiveness against persistent root canal pathogens like E. faecalis. The antibacterial effectiveness was high in NaOCL, chlorhexidine and eucalyptus extract.

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Introduction: Recent techniques available for the detection of cervical cancer (CC) are highly invasive and costly, which makes it a rate-limiting step toward early diagnosis of this fatal disease. Evaluation of circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) through liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive and cost-effective method that may serve as a unique tumor marker for early detection, treatment monitoring, the status of residual disease, and distant tumor metastasis in CC patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, initially, ccfDNA was measured in serum samples from 11 histopathologically proven cervix carcinoma patients and 8 controls. On successful screening, it was further extended to 2 more patients with a series of serum samples extracted at 3 different phases of the concurrent chemoradiotherapy (i.e., before, during, and after 6 months of follow-up). Results: Agarose gel electrophoresis profile for ccfDNA of CC patients showed that of 11 patients, 4 patients had a comparatively higher tumor burden (ccfDNA) than the other 7 patients. Notably, during concurrent chemoradiotherapy, ccfDNA load disappeared and, after 6 months of follow-up, appeared back due to distant metastasis. Conclusion: Hence, we propose that this method could be an affordable and reliable way to diagnose/screen CC.

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Since the era when macular hole was considered untreatable, macular hole surgery has come a long way to being one of the most successful surgeries. Internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling has been an essential step of macular hole surgery since the establishment of the role of ILM in the aetiopathogenesis and progression of macular hole. However, the novel technique was not all virtuous. It had some vices which were not evident immediately. With the advent of spectral domain optical coherence tomography, short- and long-term effects of ILM peeling on macular structures were known; and with microperimetry, its effect on the function of macula could be evaluated. The technique has evolved with time from total peeling to inverted flap to just temporal peeling and temporal flap in an attempt to mitigate its adverse effects and to improve its surgical outcome. ILM abrasion technique and Ocriplasmin may eliminate the need of ILM peeling in selected cases, but they have their own limitations. We here discuss the role of ILM in the pathogenesis of macular hole, the benefits and adverse effects of ILM peeling, and the various modifications of the procedure, to then explore the alternatives.

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INTRODUCTION: Scleral buckling (SB) was the principal surgical intervention for patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) until the development of pars plana vitrectomy. The study aims to evaluate the outcome of SB without subretinal fluid (SRF) drainage in RRD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center. Charts of patients operated with SB without SRF drainage for RRD between January 2014 and December 2015 were evaluated. The main outcome measure was the primary reattachment rate at 1 month after single SB surgery. Other outcome measures were final reattachment rate after further intervention, visual improvement and relation of various parameters with retinal reattachment. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen patients were included of which 90 (76.9%) were men. Mean age was 26.68±12.6 years (Range 9-60). All eyes were phakic. Only 1 patient had a macula on RD. The primary reattachment rate was 84.6% (n=99). Mean LogMAR (±SD) visual acuity (VA) improved from 1.92(±0.46) to 1.02(±0.42). Extent of RD, number of breaks, and type of break was found to have no association with retinal reattachment. Association between type of PVR and status of retina post buckling was found to be significant (p=0.026) with retinal reattachment seen in 100% in PVR-A and only 60% in PVR-C2. Final reattachment rate was 98.2%. Complications encountered were postoperative diplopia (n=1), suture granuloma (n=1) and buckle infection (n=2). CONCLUSION: Scleral buckling without SRF drainage, an exclusively extra ocular procedure, is an effective and safe treatment modality for non-complicated RRD.

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BACKGROUND: Use of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) has been increasingly growing as an adjuvant in vitreo-retina surgeries. Some commonly encountered complications with its use include subretinal migration, formation of sticky silicone oil or retained PFCL in vitreous cavity and anterior chamber. Scleral rupture during PFCL injection has a rare occurrence. We report an unexpected event of scleral rupture during PFCL injection and discuss the management challenges faced by the surgeon. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66 year indo-aryan male was undergoing pars-plana vitrectomy (PPV) with diagnosis of subtotal rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) with Proliferative Vitreo-retonipathy (PVR)-B. After near total vitrectomy PFCL was being injected and then there was sudden poor visualization of fundus with development of bullous RD and globe hypotony. The surgeon was not able to figure out the cause of hypotony and air was switched on in the infusion cannula. This further complicated the situation resulting in migration of air in the anterior chamber, posterior dislocation of intraocular lens complex, 180° inferior retinal dialysis and ballooning of the conjunctiva which gave a clue of probable scleral rupture. Conjunctival peritomy was performed superiorly and scleral defect was noted. Intraocular tissue incarceration and air leak was visible from the wound. This confirmed scleral rupture during PFCL injection. Repositioning of incarcerated retina was not possible and retinectomy was performed followed by repair of scleral rupture with lots of difficulty in a vitrectomised eye. CONCLUSION: PFCL injection, a crucial step of vitreoretina surgery, should be performed slowly with extreme caution maintaining an optimal intraocular pressure to prevent devastating complications like scleral rupture.

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Drought is the major abiotic factors that limit crop productivity worldwide. To withstand stress conditions, plants alter numerous mechanisms for adaption and tolerance. Therefore, in the present study, 106 rice varieties were screened for drought tolerance phenotype via exposing different concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) in the hydroponic nutrient medium at the time interval of 1, 3, and 7 days to evaluate the changes in their root system architecture. Further, based on root phenotype obtained after PEG-induced drought, two contrasting varieties drought-tolerant Heena and -sensitive Kiran were selected to study transcriptional and physiological alterations at the same stress durations. Physiological parameters (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration), and non-enzymatic antioxidants (carotenoids, anthocyanins, total phenol content) production indicated better performance of Heena than Kiran. Comparatively higher accumulation of carotenoid and anthocyanin content and the increased photosynthetic rate was also observed in Heena. Root morphology (length, numbers of root hairs, seminal roots and adventitious roots) and anatomical data (lignin deposition, xylem area) enable tolerant variety Heena to better maintain membrane integrity and relative water content, which also contribute to comparatively higher biomass accumulation in Heena under drought. In transcriptome profiling, significant drought stress-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in both the varieties. A total of 1033 and 936 uniquely upregulated DEGs were found in Heena and Kiran respectively. The significant modulation of DEGs that were mainly associated with phytohormone signaling, stress-responsive genes (LEA, DREB), transcription factors (TFs) (AP2/ERF, MYB, WRKY, bHLH), and genes involved in photosynthesis and antioxidative mechanisms indicate better adaptive nature of Heena in stress tolerance. Additionally, the QTL-mapping analysis showed a very high number of DEGs associated with drought stress at AQHP069 QTL in Heena in comparison to Kiran which further distinguishes the drought-responsive traits at the chromosomal level in both the contrasting varieties. Overall, results support the higher capability of Heena over Kiran variety to induce numerous genes along with the development of better root architecture to endure drought stress.

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INTRODUCTION: Dengue-associated ocular complications are increasing owing to the rising global burden of dengue fever. We intend to highlight a rare and sight-threatening complication of this disease. CASE DETAILS: A 44-year-old male, with prior history of dengue fever, presented with diminution of vision in both eyes for 10 days. At presentation, his best-corrected visual acuity was 1/60 in the right eye and 6/18 in the left eye. Anterior segment findings were unremarkable. Fundus examination revealed vitritis, perivascular exudates, intraretinal hemorrhages, macular edema, peripapillary retinal whitening and cotton wool spots in both eyes suggestive of vasculitis, with additional retinal whitening affecting the right macula. Fundus fluorescein angiography revealed disc and perivascular leakage limited to posterior pole along with patches of blocked fluorescence. In addition, there was capillary nonperfusion due to occlusion of multiple small arterioles supplying the macula of right eye confirming macular ischemia. Macular edema with subretinal fluid in both eyes was evident on optical coherence tomography. Treatment was attempted with intravenous methylprednisolone which was futile even after three days of administration. CONCLUSION: We report a case of retinal vasculitis with macular infarction attributed to dengue fever. Although uncommon, dengue-associated ocular complications can lead to irreversible visual loss. Therefore, clinicians should keep this disease entity in mind while evaluating febrile patients with visual complaints in dengue endemic regions.

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INTRODUCTION: Perfurocarbon Liquid (PFCL) is an essential adjunct of retinal detachment surgery. Subfoveal migration of PFCL is a rare and vision threatening complication of its use. Various techniques have been described for its removal. However, no consensus on ideal technique of its removal has been established. We present a novel, relatively atraumatic and cost effective way of PFCL removal using a widely available 26Ga spinal anesthesia needle. CASE: An 18 years old myopic patient who had undergone left eye pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for myopic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detatchment (RRD) in the past presented after 1 month with retained subfoveal PFCL. Its subretinal location was confirmed by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). He was taken up for early Silicone Oil Removal (SOR) along with removal of retained subfoveal PFCL under high magnification by using a surgical disposable contact macula lens. A 26G spinal anesthesia needle tip was used to dissect a small separation parallel to the nerve fibers at the temporal edge of tense cystic PFCL bleb. Silicone tipped flute cannula was used to passively aspirate the sub retinal PFCL under fluid with no additional intervention. No barrage LASER was done. OBSERVATION: Anatomical restoration of the retina was noted both intraoperatively and post-operatively. SD-OCT showed complete restoration of anatomical layers with no presence of intraretinal cystic cleft both at day 1 and 30 days postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Safe removal of subfoveal PFCL can be done with 26Ga spinal anesthesia needle which is atraumatic, inexpensive and readily available. However, long term validity of this process needs to be established in a case series.

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Various modifications of surgical techniques and surgical adjuncts are adopted with standard pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) to improve the outcome of traumatic macular hole (TMH) surgeries. We describe a successful closure of a chronic large TMH of three years duration with inverted temporal internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique. A 36-year-old male patient had an optical coherence tomography (OCT) documented chronic macular hole (MH) for three years following blunt trauma. Fundus examination also showed choroidal rupture scar temporal to fovea. The minimum MH diameter was 769 µ and the basal diameter 1431 µ in OCT. Standard PPV with inverted temporal ILM flap and gas tamponade was done. The postoperative period was uneventful. The best corrected visual acuity improved from 6/60 preoperatively to 6/18 six months postoperatively, and OCT showed a closed MH with anatomical type 1 closure. This case highlights that the inverted temporal ILM flap technique is a safe and effective technique for patients with even chronic and large TMH.

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Bioengineered silver nanoparticles can emerge as a facile approach to combat plant pathogen, reducing the use of pesticides in an eco-friendly manner. The plants' response during tripartite interaction of plant, pathogen, and nanoparticles remains largely unknown. This study demonstrated the use of bioengineered silver nanoparticles in combating black spot disease caused by necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis thaliana via foliar spray. The particles reduced disease severity by 70-80% at 5 µg/ml without showing phytotoxicity. It elicited plant immunity by a significant reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreases in stress enzymes by 0.6-19.8-fold, and emergence of autophagy. Comparative plant proteomics revealed 599 proteins expressed during the interaction, where 117 differential proteins were identified. Among different categories, proteins involved in bioenergy and metabolism were most abundant (44%), followed by proteins involved in plant defense (20%). Metabolic profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy yielded 39 metabolite derivatives in non-polar fraction and 25 in the polar fraction of plant extracts. It was observed that proteins involved in protein biogenesis and early plant defense were overexpressed to produce abundant antimicrobial metabolites and minimize ROS production. Bioengineered silver nanoparticles performed dual functions to combat pathogen attack by killing plant pathogen and eliciting immunity by altering plant defense proteome and metabolome.

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INTRODUCTION: Diabetic papillopathy (DP) is a diagnosis of exclusion in type 1 and type 2 diabetics with transient disc edema. It was initially described in young patients with type1 diabetes mellitus (DM) as a bilateral disease with minimal visual symptoms which resolved spontaneously. Lately, DP has been a focus of controversy because of its wide clinical spectrum. CASES: We describe three variable cases of DP. These are unilateral DP with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) with macular edema (ME), unilateral DP with severe Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) with ischemic maculopathy and a case of bilateral DP with Moderate NPDR with ME. We also discuss viable treatment for the variable presentation. DP has been reported in this case series in moderate NPDR, severe NPDR as well as PDR. Macular involvement in the form of macular edema as well as ischemia has been demonstrated to result in diminution of vision. It shows both unilateral and bilateral presentation. Remarkable visual loss seen, in these cases, call for intervention. CONCLUSIONS: DP has a wide spectrum of presentation and its knowledge is eminent to make a complete diagnosis. Individualisation of treatment has to be done for variable presentation and realistic outcomes should be explained to the patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Central corneal thickness (CCT) is a powerful predictor of primary open angle glaucoma. Individualized risk assessment is critical for early diagnosis and management of glaucoma. OBJECTIVES: To compare CCT and intraocular pressure in patients of primary openangle glaucoma (POAG) with those of normal population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study was performed in Ophthalmology department of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal. Newly diagnosed cases of primary glaucoma (open angle, normal tension) of 18 years and above, without known systemic diseases were included. RESULTS: Out of a total of 291 subjects (582 eyes), 105 subjects (210 eyes) were with primary glaucoma and 186 (382 eyes) were normal subjects. There was no significant difference in CCT between glaucomatous (533.57 µm) and normal (530.06 µm) eyes (p=0.1). Cornea was thinner (518.±18.03 µm) in eyes with severe glaucomatous damage (cup:disc ratio > 0.8) than in moderate glaucomatous damage (cup:disc ratio=0.5-0.8)(p=0.003). There was a statistically significant difference of 22.05 µm in CCT between POAG and NTG (p<0.001). A positive correlation was found between IOP & CCT in both cases and control group (p=0.000; r = 0.355, 0.254; r2 =0.126, 0.064 respectively). CONCLUSION: Majority of studied Nepalese population have CCT less than 550 µm, thus increasing the risk of POAG. CCT decreases with age, and females with glaucoma have significantly thicker cornea than men. There is a significant positive correlation between CCT and IOP, and IOP will have to be adjusted for CCT for proper diagnosis and monitoring of glaucomatous damage in Nepalese population too.

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AIM: The purpose of this article is to determine the racial predilection of C-shaped canal configuration in a mandibular second molar. BACKGROUND: Unusual root canal anatomy always poses a diagnostic and treatment challenge. Identification of such variation is important for the success of root canal treatment outcome. C-shaped canal configuration is such an aberrant morphology of molar teeth that vary in different population and is commonly seen in a mandibular second molar. Thus, knowledge of racial predilection of C-shaped canal configuration in different population for early diagnosis is obligatory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exhaustive search was undertaken to identify published research articles related to C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular second molars. Forty-three research articles were analyzed which included 12,481 mandibular second molars. Chi-square test using value of P < 0.05 was performed to assess the statistical significance of this anomalous anatomic variation among the different population. RESULTS: Statistical test revealed a significant variation between the Asian and nonAsian population. The highest incidence of racial predilection was observed in China (Asia) with 93.1%, and the minimum was observed in America with 2.7%. CONCLUSION: This research reported that racial predilection of C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular second molar varies significantly.

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PURPOSE: To report an uncommon case of intraoperative ocular decompression retinopathy (ODR). CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old man presented with decreased vision and pain in the left eye (LE) for 10 days following trauma with a bamboo stick. He had visual acuity of counting finger close to face in the same eye, along with corneal edema, dilated pupil and posteriorly dislocated lens. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 42 mm of mercury (Hg). He underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with removal of the dislocated lens. Towards the end of otherwise uneventful surgery, blot hemorrhages appeared over the posterior pole and equator. The following day, his vision was counting finger close to face and IOP was 16 mm of Hg. Fundus examination revealed large blotches of hemorrhages at different levels of the retina, later confirmed by optical coherence tomography. Disc hyperfluorescence and blocked fluorescence corresponding to blot hemorrhages were seen on fundus fluorescein angiography. Blood investigations to rule out blood dyscrasias were within normal limits. CONCLUSION: Ocular decompression retinopathy, though not common, has been reported to occur following various types of surgeries, especially if associated with preoperatively raised IOP. The event can also occur intraoperatively and the preoperative control of IOP is of paramount importance in the prevention of ODR.

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AIMS: To evaluate the underdosing of the maxillary sinus at its distal end produced by air cavity in the path of the 6 MV photon beam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cubic solid water slab phantom of dimensions 18 cm × 18 cm × 18 cm with 4 cm × 4 cm × 4 cm air cavity 3 cm away from its anterior surface was used in this study. The percentage depth dose (PDD) for 6 MV X-rays along the central axis of the cubical air cavity was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeter-100 chips. The EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc Monte Carlo (MC) code was used to estimate the PDD values in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous conditions. The dose data were generated for 1 cm × 1 cm, 2 cm × 2 cm, 3 cm × 3 cm, and 5 cm × 5 cm field sizes. RESULTS: Average percentage dose reductions at 1 mm beyond the distal surface of the maxillary sinus for the field sizes 1 × 1, 2 × 2, and 3 × 3 cm2 are 42.4%, 39.5%, and 29.4%, respectively. However, for 5 cm × 5 cm field size, there is a dose enhancement (i.e., overdosing) at 1 mm from the distal surface of the maxillary sinus and the average percentage dose enhancement is 5.9%. Also, beyond 1 cm from the air-water interface, there is dose enhancement for all the field sizes. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the significant dose reduction occurs near the air-water interface for the treatment techniques using small photon fields such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy or other newer techniques. MC-based treatment planning calculation predicts realistic dose distribution while using small photon fields in the treatment of maxillary sinus.

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INTRODUCTION: A large number of hormonal, metabolic, immunologic and haematological changes occur in all organ system of female body during pregnancy. Human eye and its function are no exception to these changes. PURPOSE: To evaluate physiological ocular changes in various trimesters of pregnancy and to compare them amongst the three trimesters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A hospital based cross sectional study, using judgmental convenient sampling method, was done in both eyes of 120 pregnant females (40 in each trimester), with known last menstrual period, attending antenatal clinic of BPKIHS, Dharan. Women with known systemic or ocular diseases like conjunctivitis, keratitis, iridocyclitis, glaucoma, refractive error, were excluded. Demographic details of all patients were recorded and detailed ocular examination, including best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp examination, vertical and horizontal keratometry, central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were performed and recorded. A comparison of these parameters was made amongst three trimesters. RESULTS: Visual acuity of all the subjects was 0 logMAR. Corneal curvature, both vertical and horizontal, significantly increased towards third trimester. Central corneal thickness progressively increased from first to third trimester (p= 0.019 Right eye, 0.016 Left eye). In contrary to this, intraocular pressure significantly decreased during successive stages of pregnancy (P=0.000 both eye). CONCLUSION: Significant increase in corneal curvature and central corneal thickness along with, decrease in intraocular pressure occur during successive trimesters of pregnancy. All pregnant women should have routine ocular examination; changes noted, if any, should receive attention and period of gestation should be considered prior to making a diagnosis.

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INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among working age adults around the world. Each year more and more people live with this condition, which can result in life-changing complications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a large community based screening programme, in order to estimate the future burden of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional community based study was conducted between 1st January and 31st December 2014 in a purposive sample of adults with selfreported diabetes mellitus (DM) from Morang and Sunsari district of Nepal. A structured questionnaire was used to collect patient data. Ophthalmological evaluation was done and fundus was examined for grading DR using direct and indirect ophthalmoscope. RESULTS: Among the 698 diabetic patients, mean age was 55.02±11.8 years (ranging from 24 to 91 years). 12.3% of diabetic were not under any treatment. Only 69.3% of patients had visited eye specialist for diabetic retinopathy screening. Prevalence of DR was found to be 15.3%; 13.9% had non-proliferative DR and 1.4% had proliferative DR. Prevalence of diabetic macular edema was 2.1%. In Morang district prevalence of DR was 14.2% and in Sunsari district it was 16.2%. In the binary-logistic regression analysis, duration of diabetes was associated with significantly increased risk of DR (OR: 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09 to 1.17; p<0.001). History of absence of arterial hypertension decreased the risk of DR (OR: 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.87; p=0.01). CONCLUSION: One sixth of the patients with diabetes in the Eastern region of Nepal have retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy risk increased with duration of diabetes and decreased with history of no co-existing arterial hypertension.

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Two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas putida NBRIRA and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NBRISN13 with ability to tolerate abiotic stress along with multiple PGP traits like ACC deaminase activity, minerals solubilisation, hormones production, biofilm formation, siderophore activity were evaluated for their synergistic effect to ameliorate drought stress in chickpea. Earlier we have reported both the strains individually for their PGP attributes and stress amelioration in host plants. The present study explains in detail the possibilities and benefits of utilizing these 2 PGPR in consortium for improving the chickpea growth under control and drought stressed condition. In vitro results clearly demonstrate that both the PGPR strains are compatible to each other and their synergistic growth enhances the PGP attributes. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of inoculation of both strains individually and consortia in drought tolerant and sensitive cultivars (BG362 and P1003). The growth parameters were observed significantly higher in consortium as compared to individual PGPR. Colonization of both PGPR in chickpea rhizosphere has been visualized by using gfp labeling. Apart from growth parameters, defense enzymes, soil enzymes and microbial diversity were significantly modulated in individually PGPR and in consortia inoculated plants. Negative effects of drought stress has been ameliorated and apparently seen by higher biomass and reversal of stress indicators in chickpea cultivars treated with PGPR individually or in consortia. Findings from the present study demonstrate that synergistic application has better potential to improve plant growth promotion under drought stress conditions.

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INTRODUCTION: In the absence of capsular support, anterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL), iris fixated IOL and sutured scleral fixated intraocular lens (SFIOL) implantation have been performed for many years. Recently sutureless glued SFIOL have been used as a primary or secondary procedure to correct aphakia. In this study we have used sutureless and glueless technique of SFIOL implantation. METHODOLOGY: An interventional case series was conducted. Aphakic patients without capsular support, sub-luxated lens (>180°), dislocated lens and dislocated IOL were the inclusion criteria. The patients with hazy cornea, non-dilating pupil, macular scar and glaucoma were not enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Of 62 eyes who completed 1 month follow- up, 48 were men and 14 women. There was a significant improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity after surgery (p less than 0.001). One month postoperative best corrected distance visual acuity was 6/18 or better in 45 eyes (72.6%). The common early postoperative complications were hypotony, corneal edema. No serious complications such as endophthalmitis and retinal detachment were seen. CONCLUSION: Our technique of sutureless and glueless SFIOL implantation showed good visual outcome in the absence of serious complications. SFIOL will be the only choice in eyes that have anatomic contraindications like non constricting pupil, large sectoral iridectomy and peripheral anterior synechia in which other types of lens are not suitable.

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