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Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) is an established approach to treating abdominal aortic aneurysms, however, challenges arise when the aneurysm involves visceral branches with insufficient normal segment of the aorta to provide aneurysm seal without excluding those vessels. To overcome this, a range of technological developments and solutions have been proposed including fenestrated, branched, physician-modified stents, and chimney techniques. Understanding the currently available evidence for each option is essential to select the most suitable procedure for each patient. Overall, the evidence for fenestrated endovascular repair is the most comprehensive of these techniques and shows an early post-operative advantage over open surgical repair (OSR) but with a catch-up mortality in the mid-term period. In this review, we will describe these endovascular options, pre- and post-procedure radiological assessment and current evidence of outcomes.

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AIMS: Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) can deliver physiological left ventricular activation, but typically at the cost of delayed right ventricular (RV) activation. Right ventricular activation can be advanced through anodal capture, but there is uncertainty regarding the mechanism by which this is achieved, and it is not known whether this produces haemodynamic benefit. METHODS AND RESULTS: We recruited patients with LBBP leads in whom anodal capture eliminated the terminal R-wave in lead V1. Ventricular activation pattern, timing, and high-precision acute haemodynamic response were studied during LBBP with and without anodal capture. We recruited 21 patients with a mean age of 67 years, of whom 14 were males. We measured electrocardiogram timings and haemodynamics in all patients, and in 16, we also performed non-invasive mapping. Ventricular epicardial propagation maps demonstrated that RV septal myocardial capture, rather than right bundle capture, was the mechanism for earlier RV activation. With anodal capture, QRS duration and total ventricular activation times were shorter (116 ± 12 vs. 129 ± 14 ms, P < 0.01 and 83 ± 18 vs. 90 ± 15 ms, P = 0.01). This required higher outputs (3.6 ± 1.9 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2 V, P < 0.01) but without additional haemodynamic benefit (mean difference -0.2 ± 3.8 mmHg compared with pacing without anodal capture, P = 0.2). CONCLUSION: Left bundle branch pacing with anodal capture advances RV activation by stimulating the RV septal myocardium. However, this requires higher outputs and does not improve acute haemodynamics. Aiming for anodal capture may therefore not be necessary.

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Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in-volves placing a lead through the coronary sinus to pace the left ventricle. However, technical problems arise in the procedure either due to variant anatomy or due to the presence of valves. Information on coronary venous anatomy is scarce in the South Indian population. The aim of this study was to describe the coronary sinus anatomy in patients undergoing CRT implant. Coronary sinus angiograms were used to study the following parameters: (a) Dimensions of coronary sinus (b) Number and distribution of tributaries (excluding middle and great cardiac veins) (c) Diameter of major veins at the origin (d) Angulation of tributaries with CS. Measurements were made using calipers in the dicom viewer. Out of the 24 angiograms studied, only a single tributary of adequate size was noted in 70.8% (17/24) of the cases, which was most commonly a midlateral vein (76.5%). Two prominent tributaries were noted in 29.2% (7/24) of cases. The average diameter of the veins was 3.93 mm and 80.6% of the veins had an obtuse angle of drainage. Anatomical variations in the coronary venous systemin this population suggest that the majority of patients have a single suitable tributary and this is most often the midlateral vein, which is known to have the most favorable outcome. Data obtained in this study will guide clinicians in left ventricular lead placement in the South Indian population leading to greater procedural success

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BACKGROUND: Rising rates of resistance to antimicrobial drugs among Enterobacteriaceae limit the choice of therapeutic agents to treat urinary tract infections. In this context we assessed the in-vitro effect of fosfomycin against extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, AmpC beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, and P seudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) and also studied the effect of fosfomycin on their biofilm formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 326 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates comprising of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, and P seudomonas aeruginosa from the urine samples of the patients with a diagnosis of UTI were included in the study. MIC 50 and MIC 90 were detected by agar dilution method and the capacity to form biofilm in the presence of fosfomycin by these MDR isolates was assessed by the tissue culture plate method. RESULTS: The MIC50 for meropenem (0.5 µgm/mL) and nitrofurantoin (32 µgm/mL) was within the susceptible range only for E. coli. Fosfomycin was the only antibiotic that inhibited 100% E.coli, 70% Klebsiella spp, and 50% Pseudomonas spp and 40% Enterobacter spp which included the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers. It showed a similar effect on carbapenemase producers and AmpC producers. Fosfomycin disrupted biofilm in 67% (n=141) E.coli, 74% (n=50) Klebsiella spp, 88% (n=27) Pseudomonas spp and 36% (n=23) Enterobacter spp at 24 hrs of incubation with a concentration of 2 fold dilution lower than that of the MIC. CONCLUSION: Fosfomycin showed a good inhibitory effect on the biofilms produced by the MDR organisms studied here.