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OBJECTIVE: Medical questionnaires, which enable collection, comparison and analysis of appropriate data as a means of written communication between a patient and a doctor, must be easily readable, and understandable. Here, we measure the readability and understandability of questionnaires used in andrology and examine the relationship between the educational status of the patients and the understandability of the forms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven questionnaires (SHIM, AIPE, IIEF, MSHQ-EjD, PEDT, NIH-CPSI and IPSS) used to diagnose andological diseases were selected from the European Association of Urology guidelines. The number of syllables per word, the number of words in a sentence, and the average word and sentence lengths were calculated for each Turkish validated form. Readability scores were calculated, and closet tests were used to measure the understandability of the texts. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-seven male volunteers participated in the study. Two hundred and sixteen of the participants (66%) had a high school or college education. The readability level of the seven forms was determined to be "Difficult" or "Very Difficult," and at least a high school education level was required to understand the forms. As education level and monthly income increased, the understandability of the forms increased; as the readability of the forms became more difficult, their understandability decreased (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The readability levels of questionnaires used in andrology are well above the reading level of Turkey. Health providers can help patients to fill out forms to increase doctor-patient communication.
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Subureteral endoscopic injection is a safe and effective treatment for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) is the most commonly used bulking agent for the treatment of VUR. We report a confusing radiographic finding of calcified Dx/HA injection initially simulates distal ureteral stone in a female patient who has intermittent lumbar pain. Calcification of Dx/HA implants may mimic distal ureteral calculi; therefore, urologists should be aware of the potentially confusing radiographic images.
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ABSTRACT Purpose To assess the relationship between De Ritis (aspartate aminotransaminase [AST]/Alanine aminotransaminase [ALT]) ratio and pathological variables and whether it is an independent prognostic factor. Materials and Methods We analyzed 298 consecutive patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between 2006 and 2015. The association between De Ritis ratio and pathological variables including tumor size, presence of renal vein invasion, vena cava invasion, renal capsule infiltration, Gerota fascia invasion, renal sinus involvement, renal pelvic invasion, angiolymphatic invasion, adrenal gland involvement, lymph node involvement, tumor necrosis, and Fuhrman's grade was tested. Multivariable Cox analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of this ratio on overall survival and cancer-specific survival. Results An increased preoperative De Ritis ratio was significantly associated with renal vein invasion, renal capsule infiltration and renal pelvis involvement (p<0.05) in non-metastatic RCC. On multivariate analysis we found that tumor size, Fuhrman grade and lymph node involvement were independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival. AST/ALT ratio had no influence on the risk of overall and cancer-specific survival. Conclusion An increased preoperative AST/ALT ratio had a significant association with renal vein invasion, renal capsule infiltration and renal pelvis involvement in patients with non-metastatic RCC. However, it does not appear to be an independent prognostic marker in non-metastatic RCC.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Anciano , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Carcinoma de Células Renales/enzimología , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Neoplasias Renales/enzimología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/mortalidad , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Análisis de Supervivencia , Neoplasias Renales/mortalidad , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Invasividad Neoplásica , Estadificación de NeoplasiasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between De Ritis (aspartate aminotransaminase [AST]/Alanine aminotransaminase [ALT]) ratio and pathological variables and whether it is an independent prognostic factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 298 consecutive patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between 2006 and 2015. The association between De Ritis ratio and pathological variables including tumor size, presence of renal vein invasion, vena cava invasion, renal capsule infiltration, Gerota fascia invasion, renal sinus involvement, renal pelvic invasion, angiolymphatic invasion, adrenal gland involvement, lymph node involvement, tumor necrosis, and Fuhrman's grade was tested. Multivariable Cox analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of this ratio on overall survival and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: An increased preoperative De Ritis ratio was significantly associated with renal vein invasion, renal capsule infiltration and renal pelvis involvement (p<0.05) in non-metastatic RCC. On multivariate analysis we found that tumor size, Fuhrman grade and lymph node involvement were independent prognostic factors for cancerspecific survival. AST/ALT ratio had no influence on the risk of overall and cancerspecific survival. CONCLUSION: An increased preoperative AST/ALT ratio had a significant association with renal vein invasion, renal capsule infiltration and renal pelvis involvement in patients with non-metastatic RCC. However, it does not appear to be an independent prognostic marker in non-metastatic RCC.