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INTRODUCTION: Improved recovery protocols were implemented in surgical specialties over the last decade, which decreased anesthetic and surgical stress and the incidence of perioperative complications. However, these recovery protocols were introduced more slowly for cardiac surgeries. The most frequent complications in cardiac surgery are related to patient clinical status and the characteristics of the surgical procedures involved, which are becoming more varied and complex every day. The first version of the enhanced recovery program for cardiac surgery was published in 2019, but its recommendations were based on only a few studies, and scant research has evaluated its implementation. Randomized and controlled clinical trials for these protocols are scarce, so research that summarizes the results of studies with other methodological designs are useful in demonstrating their benefits in cardiovascular surgery services in Cuba and in other limited-resource settings. OBJECTIVE: Estimate the effectiveness of improved recovery protocols in the perioperative evolution of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the guidelines of manual 5.1.0 for reviews of the Cochrane library. We included observational and quasi-experimental studies published from January 2015 through May 2020 that compared enhanced recovery protocols with conventional treatments in patients older than 18 years, and used a quality score to evaluate them. We used the following sources: the Cochrane Library, PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Clinical Key, ResearchGate and HINARI. The following keywords were used for the database searches in English: ERAS, protocols and cardiac surgery, enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery, ERACS, clinical pathway recovery and cardiac surgery, perioperative care and cardiac surgery. We used the following search terms for databases in Spanish: protocolos de recuperación precoz and cirugía cardiaca, protocolos de recuperación mejorada and cirugía cardiaca, cuidados perioperatorios and cirugía cardiaca, programas de recuperación precoz and cirugía cardiovascular. Methodological quality of included investigations was evaluated using the surgical research methodology scale. Meta-analyses were performed for perioperative complications, intensive care unit and hospital stays, and hospital readmission within 30 days of surgery. We calculated effect sizes of the interventions and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. We used mean differences and confidence intervals for continuous variables, and for qualitative variables we calculated relative risk (RR). Random effects analysis was used. Heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the Q statistic and the I2 statistic. RESULTS: We selected 15 studies (a total of 5059 patients: study group, n = 1706; control group, n = 3353). The average quality score for the 15 articles included was 18.9 (out of a maximum of 36 according to the scale) and 66.6% had a score =18. With improved recovery protocols in cardiac surgery, the incidence of perioperative complications decreased (RR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.52-0.98) as did hospital readmission within 30 days after surgery (RR = 0.51; 95% CI 95% CI: 0.31-0.86). Differences in extubation time, hospital stay and length of stay in intensive care units were less marked, but always favored the group in which the enhanced protocols were implemented. CONCLUSIONS: Improved recovery protocols in cardiac surgery increase quality of care evidenced by reductions in perioperative complications and decreased incidence of hospital readmission in the month following surgery.

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Introducción: el infarto miocárdico perioperatorio es una complicación con gran impacto en la morbilidad y mortalidad en anestesia cardiovascular.Objetivos: determinar posibles factores de riesgo asociados a infarto miocárdico perioperatorio en cirugía coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal desde septiembre de 2011 a noviembre de 2012, en pacientes intervenidos a corazón latiendo. Se evaluó odds ratio, intervalo de confianza para un 95 por ciento, en variables con p ≤ 0.05. Resultados: se incluyeron 210 pacientes, 75,2 por ciento hombres, con edad media 62,3 ± 8,7 años, de ellos 30 con infarto miocárdico. La edad avanzada (OR 14,5; IC 95 por ciento: 5,9-35,1), clase IV-NYHA (OR 3,2; IC 95 por ciento: 1,2-9,3), insuficiencia renal crónica (OR 6,8; IC 95 por ciento:1,6-28,7), EPOC (OR 4,5; IC 95 por ciento:1,9-10,4), diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (OR 7,1; IC 95 por ciento: 3,1-16,3), tabaquismo (OR 6,3; IC 95 por ciento: 2,7-14,2), infarto reciente (OR 6,6; IC 95 por ciento:1,3-34,2), FeVI ≤ 40 por ciento (OR 2,5; IC 95 por ciento: 1,1-5,7), angina inestable (OR 2,5; IC 95 por ciento: 1,1-6,2), insuficiencia cardiaca (OR 27,5; IC 95 por ciento:2,9-256,1) y la enfermedad coronaria compleja (OR12,6; IC 95 por ciento: 5,2-30,7) fueron asociados con alto riesgo de infarto miocárdico perioperatorio. Pacientes no tratados con bloqueadores β en el preoperatorio tuvieron 3,3 veces más riesgo de sufrir un infarto miocárdico perioperatorio. Las complicaciones fueron significativamente mayores en este grupo, con una mortalidad de 23,3 por ciento. Conclusiones: las enfermedades coexistentes que mostraron significación se asociaron con alto riesgo de infarto miocárdico perioperatorio, con incremento en las complicaciones y la mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: perioperative myocardial infarction is a complication with great impact in morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular anesthesia. Objetive: Determine the posible risk factors associated to perioperative myocardial infarction in off-pump coronary artery bypass. Methods: descriptive and cross-sectional study between September 2011 - November 2012, in patients to whom myocardial revascularization without pump. The Odds Ratio value and confidence intervals of 95 percent in patients with values of p < 0.05 were considered to have a significant stadistical correlation. Results: this study included 210 patients (75.2 percent men), mean age 62.3 ± 8.7 years, from these 30 with perioperative myocardial infartion. Patients with advanced age (OR, 14.5; IC 95 percent: 5.9-35.1), functional class IV of NYHA (OR, 3.2; IC 95 percent: 1.2-9.3), chronic renal failure (OR, 6.8; IC 95 percent: 1.6-28.7), pulmonary obstructive chronic disease (OR,4.5; IC 95 percent:1.9-10.4), diabetes mellitus tipe 1 (OR, 7.1; IC 95 percent: 3.1-16.3), tobacco addiction (OR, 6.3; IC 95 percent: 2.7-14.2), recent myocardial infarction (OR, 6.6; IC 95 percent:1.3-34.2), FeVI ≤ 40 percent (OR, 2.5; IC 95 percent: 1.1-5.7), unstable angina (OR, 2.5; IC 95 percent: 1.1-6.2), heart failure (OR, 27.5; IC 95 percent:2.9-256.1) and coronary complex disease (OR,12.6; IC 95 percent: 5.2-30.7) showed a significant association with the presence of perioperative myocardial infarction. Patients without β blocker have 3 times as much of suffer myocardial infarction. Complications were significantly greater in these group, with a mortality of 23 percent.Conclusions: the coexistents diseases that showed association with the presence of perioperative myocardial infarction, with a significant increase in them complications and mortality(AU)

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