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The effect of aqueous solutions of dry ethanol extracts of Gratiola officinalis L., Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench, and anthocyanin forms of Zea mays L. on the dioxidin-induced lipid peroxidation in blood has been studied on rats. It is established that all these extracts are capable of reducing the amount of avera- ge-mass (AM) molecules and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) in rat blood plasma. The extract of Gratiola officinalis L. reduces the concentration of AM and MDA moleules by 43%. The extract of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench reduces the concentration of AM molecules on the average by 18.66% (within 9.22 -34.81%) and MDA by 49.36% (within 34.12-79.75%). The Extract of anthocyanin forms of Zea mays L. does not reduce the concentration of AM mo- lecules, but reduces the amount of MDA in the blood of rats on average by 27.88% (within 21.58-37.82%) (p < 0.01).

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In this work we discuss the results of ontogenetic and morphobiological approaches to phylogenetic reconstructions of articulate brachiopods on the basis of morphogenetic data. These data provide the basis for generalizations concerning phylogeny and system of orders. The ontogenetic approach was the subject of criticism mainly because of arbitrary establishment of the homology of brachiopods. The constraints of the morphobiological approach are associated with the phenomena of morphological evolution without adaptive explanation so far. As an example of these phenomena, homeomorphism of brachiopods can be considered. Prospects for morphogenetic studies of brachiopods can be connected with the study of characteristic elements of their shell structure, such as porosity and mantle channels.

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Activation of lipid peroxidation, increasing during the elevation of clinical symptoms of Y. pestis intoxication and hypoxic syndrome development, is the efferent link in cytopathogenic effects of toxic and enzymatic factors of this microorganism. Absolute or relative insufficiency of enzymatic mechanisms of blood antioxidant protection systems is the main pathogenic factor in lipid components of biomembrane destruction leading to the haemorrhagic syndrome development in Y. pestis intoxication.

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Changes of blood viscosity were induced by parenteral administration of fraction II of vaccinal EV strain of Y. pestis ("murine" toxin) to mice at doses equivalent to LD50 and LD25. The study revealed correlation between lipid peroxidation activity, severity of autointoxication, and integrated indices of blood theologic properties.

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Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activity of antioxidant system were studied spectrophotometrically in white rats developing pestilential and choleraic intoxication achieved by intraperitoneal injection of plague autolysate of vaccine EB strain in dose equivalent to DL50, cholerain endotoxin in doses DL50 and DL25 as well as combined effect of choleraic endo- and enterotoxins. With progression of the intoxication, the levels of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde in blood plasma and erythrocytes rose. LPO activation in plague intoxication arose in high activity of SOD and blood catalase. In choleraic intoxication the activity of the above enzymes progressively lowered.

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Biological properties of a novel vasopressin analogue were investigated. It was found that this analogue has no vasopressor and oxytocic activities but it exhibits a selective antidiuretic effect which is weaker than that of adiuretin (DDAVP). Novel analogue inhibits vasopressor, oxytocic and antidiuretic effects caused by arginine--vasopressin. The usefulness of novel compound as a pharmacological tool--vasopressin antagonist is suggested.

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A number of conditions should be observed when pretreating gastric juice for gastrin measurements, in order to obtain reliable results. The authors compare the results of gastric juice pretreatment by various methods and the results obtained with the use of different radioimmunoassay kits. Calculation coefficients are suggested, based on the results of computer processing of standard curves. Gastrin concentrations in the blood serum and gastric juice (pretreated and untreated) are compared in the same patients.

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Two peptides, IFN-(125-129) (RITLY-I) and [Arg7]IFN-(125-131) (RITLYLR-II), belonging to the putative immunologically active region of interferon alpha A (IFN) were synthesised by the solid-phase method. Both peptides suppress the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in vivo as assayed in mice. The peptide (II) either suppresses (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) or stimulates (approximately 1.0 mg/kg) antibody production in mice in response to sheep red blood cells.

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The basal production of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, the level of immunoreactive gastrin-17 in the blood serum and gastric juice, endocrine G-, EcI- and Ec-cells of the gastric mucosa were studied in 42 patients with duodenal peptic ulcer. Patients with a negative atropine test were characterized by a high production of hydrochloric acid, hypergastrinemia, an elevated secretion of gastrin with gastric juice, hyperplasia of G- and EcI-cells. In a positive atropine test these indices were lower with the exception of a great amount of Ec-cells in the antral mucosa. Thus the atropine test reflected the functional-morphological arrangement of the secretory apparatus of the gastric mucosa and was of diagnostic value.

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As shown by means of radioimmunoassay high amounts of immunoreactive insulin were first to be found in gastric juice of both healthy persons and the patients with duodenal ulcer. Content of insulin in gastric juice was 3-fold as high as in blood serum. Atropine decreased slightly the insulin content in gastric juice, whereas histamine did not affect its concentration. Estimation of insulin in gastric juice is of importance to elucidate the dependence on its hypersecretion observed in duodenal ulcer as well as to ascertain the insulin role in formation of the gastric juice main components.

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A study was made of the effect of acupuncture procedures on the aldosterone content in the peripheral blood serum of 65 patients with hypertension, Stages I and II. Acupuncture resulted in a hypoaldosteronemic effect which showed statistically significant correlation with a decrease in the arterial blood pressure. The results obtained made it possible to regard the effect of acupuncture as one of the most significant mechanisms of its therapeutic action in hypertension.

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Cyclic analogs of bradykinin (CBK) and kallidin (CK) have a weak myotropic activity and a marked and prolonged hypotensive effect unlike linear bradykinin (BK) and kallidin (K) which produce a short-term hypotension and considerable contraction of rat uterus smooth muscles. Myotropic effects of BK and CK were significantly inhibited by phentolamine, methysergide, papaverine and verapamil. Atropine, diphenhydramine and propranolol have no influence on the kinin-induced myotropic responses. The prolonged decrease in blood pressure induced by CBK and CK is observed in un- and anesthetized normotensive, spontaneously hypertensive rats and rats with renovascular hypertension and is absent from anesthetized cats and guinea-pigs. This indicates the species specificity of cyclokinins. Indomethacin, diphenhydramine and methysergide failed to influence the BK- and CK-induced hypotensive effects on anesthetized rats. CaCl2 did not influence the magnitude of the hypotensive effect of BK and CK, however, it significantly shortened the duration of the CK-induced hypotensive effect. In vitro CBK and CK inhibited activity of kininase II in a similar manner (at a concentration range of 10(-5) M) but to a less extent than BK (10(-7)-10(-6) M). It is suggested that the hypotensive effect of CK is mediated at least partly via Ca2+-dependent systems and inhibition of kininase II.

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Concentration of gastrin was estimated in the stomach contents using a radioimmunoassay following careful collection and conservation of gastric juice. Debit of gastrin and the rate of its secretion are the most informative patterns as compared with estimation of the hormone content in the juice. The estimation of gastrin might be important both in studies of pathogenesis of stomach diseases and of mechanisms of drug action in treatment of the diseases.

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The interaction of angiotensin analogs modified at position 8 with specific antibodies has been studied. Modification of phenylalanine in the angiotensin molecule results in a decrease or disappearance of activity of the compounds tested. This allowed to develop a selective approach for determination of angiotensin antagonists in the blood.

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The results of determination of blood plasma renin activity (PRA) in patients with nephrogenic hypertension are presented. A conclusion was drawn that PRA determination in the venous blood of each kidney separately was of greater importance for the diagnosis and solution of the problem of surgical tactics in patients with nephrogenic hypertension than PRA determination in the peripheral venous blood.

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Renin plasma activity (RPA) was studied in 25 patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency and in 5--with arterial hypotension caused by factors other than adrenal insufficiency. In patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency RPA was found to be elevated: in 74% of patients left without substitution therapy, and in 52% - given substitution therapy; in the first case RPA averaged 6.5 +/- 3.20, and in the second - 4.30 +/- 1.76 ng/ml/h A1 (normal value - 1.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml/h A1). In patients with arterial hypotension not due to adrenal insufficiency RPA was within the normal range averaging 1.61 +/- 0.18 ng/ml/h A1). Clinical significance of RPA determination in patients with arterial hypotension, and also the importance of RPA determination in cases of chronic adrenal insufficiency during substitution therapy is discussed.

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