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BACKGROUND: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be the major cause of childhood deaths, particularly in the sub-Saharan African region. In Ethiopia, though several primary studies have been conducted on the incidence of HIV-related child mortality, the pooled incidence density mortality rate among HIV-positive children is unknown. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled incidence density mortality rate among HIV-positive children and identify its associated factors in Ethiopia. METHODS: We browsed PubMed, HINARI, Science Direct, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, and cross-references using different search terms to identify articles. Quality appraisal was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Meta-package was used to estimate the pooled incidence of mortality and hazard ratio (HR) of predictors. Heterogeneity was tested using the I-square statistics. Publication bias was tested using a funnel plot visual inspection and Egger's test. Data was presented using forest plots and tables. The random effect model was used to compute the pooled estimate. RESULTS: The overall pooled incidence density mortality rate among HIV-positive children was 2.52 (95% CI: 1.82, 3.47) per 100 child years. Advanced HIV disease (hazard ratio (HR): 3.45, 95% CI (Confidence Interval): 2.64, 4.51), tuberculosis co-infection (HR: 3.19, 95% CI: 2.08, 4.88), stunting (3.22, 95% CI: 2.46, 4.22), underweight (HR: 2.71, 95% CI: 1.72, 4.26), wasting (HR: 4.14, 95% CI: 2.27, 7.58), didn't receive Isoniazid preventive therapy (HR: 3.33, 95% CI: 2.22, 4.99), anemia (HR: 3.03, 95% CI: 2.52, 3.64), fair or poor antiretroviral therapy adherence (HR: 4.14, 95% CI: 3.28, 5.28) and didn't receive cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (HR: 3.82, 95% CI: 2.49, 5.86) were factors associated with a higher hazard of HIV related child mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The overall pooled incidence density mortality rate among HIV-positive children was high in Ethiopia as compared to the national strategy target. Therefore, counseling on antiretroviral therapy adherence should be strengthened. Regular monitoring of hemoglobin levels and assessment of nutritional status should be done for all children living with HIV. Moreover, healthcare professionals should follow the national HIV treatment guidelines and provide cotrimoxazole preventive therapy and Isoniazid preventive therapy up on the guidelines for children living with HIV. REGISTRATION: Registered in PROSPERO with ID: CRD42023486902.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a major outbreak in the 21st century and has led to significant mental health hazards worldwide. To address this issue, a systematic review has been conducted to analyze existing literature on the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological well-being of the general population, as well as the associated risk factors. Methods: A comprehensive search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, covering all available literature up until February 20, 2024. This search was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, ensuring a systematic approach. The selection of articles was based on predetermined eligibility criteria, ensuring the inclusion of appropriate and suitable research. In the final analysis, a total of 15 articles focusing on depression and anxiety, 11 articles on stress, and 7 articles on psychological problems were included. These articles specifically examined the outcome variables within the context of English language and specific areas. For the meta-analysis on maternal health services, 11 articles were included for family planning, 25 articles for postnatal care services, 16 articles for institutional delivery, and 14 articles for safe abortion services. These articles were carefully selected for the final pooled analysis. Result: According to a recent systematic review, anxiety, depression, stress, and psychological distress have been prevalent in Ethiopia during the COVID-19 pandemic, with rates of 40, 41, 23, and 41%, respectively. The review also identified various sociodemographic factors that have impacted the country's response to the pandemic, including female gender, age, marital status, incarceration, low income, and lack of social support. Furthermore, the review found that maternal health services have experienced significant reductions during the pandemic. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant increase in psychological distress, which in some cases, is severe enough to require clinical treatment. It is crucial to prioritize efforts to address the negative impact of COVID-19 on mental health as a global public health priority. Additionally, it is important to pay attention to maternal health services during COVID-19 mitigation programs.

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BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common childhood neurobehavioral disorders, which has a serious negative effect on educational achievement, peer relationships, social functioning, behavior, and self-esteem of children. However, the pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is not well known in Ethiopia. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to estimate the pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Ethiopia. METHODS: PubMed, HINARI, Science Direct, Psych INFO, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, and cross-referenced were searched to identify relevant articles. Quality appraisal was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Heterogeneity was tested using the I-square statistics. Publication bias was tested using a funnel plot visual inspection. Further, trim and fill analysis was done to correct publication bias.Forest plots and tables were used to present results. The random effect model was used to compute the pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents. RESULTS: The overall pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Ethiopia was 14.2% (95% CI: 8.48, 22.83). Being male (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.54; 3.12), being aged 6-11 years (OR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.98; 6.83), low family socioeconomic status (OR: 3.45 95% CI: 2.17; 5.47), maternal complication during pregnancy (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.97; 5.51) and family history of mental illness (OR: 3.83, 95% CI:2.17; 6.77) were factors associated with a higher odds of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The overall pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents is high in Ethiopia as compared to previous literature. To reduce the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents, emphasis has to be given to prevention, early detection, and management of pregnancy-related complications. Moreover, parents with mental illness should be supported and properly treated to reduce the impact of hostile parenting on their child's health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in PROSPERO with ID: CRD42024536334.

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Background: Antenatal depression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive pregnant women can have significant adverse effects on both the mother and newborns, yet it is often overlooked in pregnancy care in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite this, there is limited data on the combined prevalence of antenatal depression and its predictors among HIV-positive women in the region. Objective: To assess the pooled prevalence of antenatal depression and its associated factors among HIV-positive women in SSA. Methods: All primary cross-sectional studies published before 1st January/2024, were included. We conducted searches in relevant databases; PubMed, HINARI, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Psychiatry Online, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to critically appraise the selected studies. To assess heterogeneity among the studies, we utilized the I2 test. Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Egger's test. The forest plot was used to present the combined proportion of antenatal depression and odds ratio, along with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The pooled prevalence of antenatal depression among HIV-positive women in Sub-Saharan Africa was found to be 30.6% (95% CI, 19.8%-41.3%). Factors significantly associated with antenatal depression among HIV-positive women in SSA included being unmarried (AOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.57 - 6.07), having a previous history of depression (AOR: 2.97, 95% CI: 1.79 - 4.91), experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) (AOR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.44 - 3.09), and experiencing stigma (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.76). Conclusion: High prevalence of antenatal depression among HIV-positive women in SSA underscores the need for prioritizing identification and management. Interventions addressing factors like IPV and stigma, along with training for healthcare providers in recognizing symptoms and providing support, are recommended. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024508236.

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Introduction: People living with HIV often face inequalities and negative outcomes, which make them vulnerable. To protect this population and achieve herd immunity, it is crucial for COVID-19 vaccination efforts to prioritize and encourage vaccination among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, in Ethiopia, there is a lack of motivation in this regard. To tackle this issue, a study was conducted in the Bench Sheko Zone of Southwest Ethiopia. The study aimed to assess pandemic fatigue, behavioral intention to get vaccinated, and factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among PLWH in that region. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among individuals living with HIV who were over 18 years old in Bench-Sheko Zone, located in Southwest Ethiopia. The study included a total of 590 participants from four ART healthcare facilities within the zone. The researchers utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine the predictors of intention to use preconception care. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to determine these predictors, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered as indicative of a significant association. The final analysis of the study involved the use of linear regression analysis, and the measure of association was presented as the standardized B coefficient following a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Result: In the conducted study, the response rate was an impressive 98%. The researchers aimed to investigate the behavioral intention toward the COVID-19 vaccine, which was found to be 55.7%. The average age of the participants in the study was 34.65 ± 6.67. The study was the assessment of pandemic fatigue, which had a mean value of 17.22 ± 5.28. During the multivariate linear regression analysis, four predictor variables were identified. Among these, three variables, namely subjective norm, pandemic fatigue, and age, positively influenced the behavioral intention toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Comprehending these factors can assist healthcare professionals and policymakers in formulating precise interventions and strategies aimed at enhancing the acceptance and adoption of vaccines. Conclusion: The study indicates that individuals living with HIV have shown lower vaccine intention compared to previous research. The study identifies subjective norm, pandemic control measures, income, and age as predictors of individuals' intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.

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BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a global public health problem, especially for young children. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental caries and its associated factors among preschool children in Mizan Aman town, Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 October to 1 December 2022. A total of 354 children and their parents participated using simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected through an oral clinical examination, interviewing the parents and measuring the anthropometry of the children. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries was 36.4% (95% CI 31.2% to 41.8%). Night feeding (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.98, 95% CI 1.56 to 10.15), children who did not brush their teeth under parental supervision (AOR=2.98, 95% CI 1.60 to 5.57), body mass index (AOR=3.48, 95% CI 1.30 to 9.41) and history of dental visits (AOR=3.05, 95% CI 1.61 to 5.81) were significantly associated with dental caries. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dental caries in preschool children was found to be high. Children who did not brush their teeth under parental supervision, who had experience of night feeding, who had a high body mass index and who had a history of dental visits were at risk for dental caries. Prevention of those identified modifiable risk factors should be considered to reduce dental caries.

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Background. Jaundice is a common problem in the neonatal period, and it is one of multiple factors found in children who die. Despite the majority of pathological jaundice public health consequences, there is no evidence on risk factors of pathological jaundice among neonates in Southwest Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with jaundice requiring phototherapy management in neonates admitted to the neonatal unit of a university teaching hospital in Southwest Ethiopia (Mizan-Tepi). Methods. Facility-based, unmatched case-control study was conducted among 240 (80 cases and 160 controls) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital. Neonates with pathological jaundice and neonates without pathological jaundice were considered as cases and controls, respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and extraction checklist, including information on maternal demographics, obstetrics, and neonatal factors. Simple random sampling techniques were used to select respondents. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to examine the association. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a P-value < .05. Results. In this study, 237 mothers with their neonates were included, making a response rate of 98.7%. The mean birth weight of cases and controls was 2330.3 ± 698.9 and 2699.3 ± 686.7 g, respectively. Hypothermia (AOR = 4.28; 95% CI: [1.72-10.67], cesarean delivery (AOR = 4.09; 95% CI: [1.69-9.93]), breast milk feeding (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI: [1.04-8.47]) and being male (AOR = 2.67; 95% CI: [1.17-6.13]) were significantly associated with jaundice. Conclusion. Most of the risk factors of neonatal jaundice were found to be modifiable. Therefore, early prevention and recognition of identified factors are recommended.

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OBJECTIVE: Macrosomia is associated with the risk of mortality and morbidity in neonates and their mothers. Despite the considerable public health effect of macrosomia, evidence on the determinants of macrosomia is limited in Northwest Ethiopia in general and in Amhara region in particular. Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinants of macrosomia among newborns delivered in referral hospitals in 2020 in Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 279 mothers and their newborns in Amhara region referral hospitals. Newborns weighing 4000 g and above and between 2500 and 3999 g were considered cases and controls, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to identify the determinants of macrosomia. RESULTS: In total, 273 of 279 mothers and their newborns (97.8% response rate) were included. The mean birth weights of cases and controls were 4312.97 ± 357.53 g and 3161.92 ± 452.12 g, respectively. Weight gain over pregnancy, antenatal follow up, physical activity during pregnancy, and neonate sex were the main determinants of macrosomia. CONCLUSION: The main determinants of macrosomia were determined in this study. Government should place special emphasis on reducing the modifiable factors of macrosomia.

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Background: One of the primary barriers to reducing maternal morbidity and mortality is disrespect and abuse during childbirth in biomedical facilities. Despite the serious consequences of disrespect and abuse during childbirth, there is no evidence of the prevalence of respectful maternity care in Southwest Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of respectful maternity care and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in three hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 mothers who gave birth in three hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to identify the factors of respectful maternity care. Results: In this study, 348 mothers with their newborns were included, making a response rate of 100%. The overall prevalence of respectful maternity care was 81.2%. Maternal age [AOR = 2.54; 95% CI (1.01-6.43)]; maternal occupation [AOR = 5.23; 95% CI (1.15-23.72)]; antenatal care follows-up [AOR = 2.86; 95% CI (1.01-8.20)]; and discussions with the provider about the place of delivery during antenatal care follow up [AOR = 5.58; 95% CI: (2.12-14.70)] were found to be the most significant components of respectful maternity care. Conclusion: The provision of respectful maternity care was high, but there are complaints of disrespect and abuse still present in three hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia. Maternal age, maternal occupation, antenatal follow up, and discussion with the provider about the place of delivery during antenatal follow-up were associated with respectful maternity care. Thus, improving antenatal care service utilization and discussions with health care providers about the place of delivery during antenatal care follow-up should be focused on.

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