RESUMEN
The unusual lightning events are characterized by a pronounced opposite-polarity pulse prior to the main electric field waveform. These electric fields are pertinent to the unusual lightning events recorded in the Himalayan region, at the height of about 1300 m above the sea level, during the premonsoon period of 2015. For the case of unusual events, a downward positive leader approaches the ground, and there is an increase in the downward-directed electric field due to which negative leaders move upwards and will try to intercept. Continuous wavelet transform has been used to understand the features of different events of lightning frequency. The wavelet transform of different events of unusual signals in the present study reveals that the unusual flashes radiate in the spectral range of 1-412.5 kHz in the initial stage and 0.9375-337.5 kHz in the overshoot which conclude that they radiate in very low frequency to very high frequency indicating that they are composed of many microdischarges and low frequencies indicating that they are composed of very long discharges. It is believed that this research work will be useful to design engineers for installing appropriate protective measures on the appliances in the Himalayan regions.
RESUMEN
We have analyzed the breakdown pulse train with or without the main event in this paper. Among the selected 81 flashes, 36 flashes are starting positively, and 45 are starting negatively. Also, 58 flashes contain positive pulses, and 67 flashes contain negative pulses, whereas 44 flashes contain both positive and negative pulses. Among these 81 flashes, 22 flashes follow the main events, and the rest are isolated events. In this study, we got the main duration of PB pulses as 1.94 ms and the time interval between the breakdown pulse and return stroke as 61.49 ms. On taking each pulse train, we found the rise time to be 2.6 µs, zero-crossing time 14.95 µs, and the time interval between pulses 199.3 µs. The largest pulse amplitude ratio in the preliminary breakdown pulse to the main event return stroke was 0.43.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Older population often have multiple and complex needs that are consequently challenged by the presence of polypharmacy, adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interaction. We aimed to determine home medication management practices (MMP) and its associated factors among chronically ill older population of selected districts of Nepal. METHODS: A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 386 chronically ill older individuals from selected areas of Nepal between April to September 2016. Appropriateness of MMP was assessed through scores of questions using interview method. Multivariate logistic regression analysis using potential variables from bivariate analysis were used to determine factors affecting MMP. RESULTS: The overall home MMP was mostly inappropriate (80.1%). Most participants had multiple prescribers for single disease (202, 52.3%) and inappropriate medication storage (188, 48.7%). Though the majority of them had drug administration schedule (378, 97.9%), expired medicines were also used (2, 0.5%). Regression analysis showed less than one year duration of disease (odds ratio [OR] = 3.901, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.528 to 9.959, P = 0.004), 1-2 years duration of disease (OR = 2.415, 95% CI = 1.210 to 4.821, P = 0.012) and smokers (OR = 2.025, 95% CI = 1.036 to 3.956, P = 0.039) as the major factors affecting appropriate home MMP. CONCLUSIONS: The home MMP was associated with duration of disease and smoking status among chronically ill older patients living in selected districts of Nepal. Proper counselling and monitoring of such patients might be necessary to improve the practice.